funny bmarks from other frameworks (multisystem)

#45

.github/workflows/lua5.1.5.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: lua5.1
+name: lua5.1.5
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        lua_version: ["5.1"]
+        lua_version: ["5.1.5"]
         operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
     name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v11
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
         with:
           luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
       - run: |
+          lua -v
           lua ./develop/all.lua

.github/workflows/lua5.2.4.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: lua5.4
+name: lua5.2.4
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        lua_version: ["5.4"]
+        lua_version: ["5.2.4"]
         operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
     name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v11
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
         with:
           luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
       - run: |
+          lua -v
           lua ./develop/all.lua

.github/workflows/lua5.3.6.yml

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-name: luajit
+name: lua5.3.6
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
@@ -8,14 +8,15 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        lua_version: ["luajit"]
+        lua_version: ["5.3.6"]
         operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
     name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
-      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v11
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
         with:
           luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
       - run: |
+          lua -v
           lua ./develop/all.lua

.github/workflows/lua5.4.8.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: lua5.4.8
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.operating_system}}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        lua_version: ["5.4.8"]
+        operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
+    name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
+        with:
+          luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
+      - run: |
+          lua -v
+          lua ./develop/all.lua

.github/workflows/lua5.5.0.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: lua5.5.0
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.operating_system}}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        lua_version: ["5.5.0"]
+        operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
+    name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
+        with:
+          luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
+      - run: |
+          lua -v
+          lua ./develop/all.lua

.github/workflows/luajit2.1.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+name: luajit2.1
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    runs-on: ${{matrix.operating_system}}
+    strategy:
+      fail-fast: false
+      matrix:
+        lua_version: ["luajit-2.1"]
+        operating_system: ["ubuntu-latest", "macos-latest", "windows-latest"]
+    name: ${{matrix.operating_system}}-${{matrix.lua_version}}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: ilammy/msvc-dev-cmd@v1
+      - uses: leafo/gh-actions-lua@v12
+        with:
+          luaVersion: ${{matrix.lua_version}}
+      - run: |
+          lua -v
+          lua ./develop/all.lua

.luarc.json

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@
         "ignoreDir": [
             ".vscode",
             "develop/3rdparty"
+        ],
+        "library": [
+            "${3rd}/love2d/library"
         ]
     }
 }

.vscode/launch.json

@@ -10,6 +10,24 @@
                 "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "name": "Launch Evolved All (lua5.2)",
+            "type": "lua-local",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": {
+                "lua": "lua5.2",
+                "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
+            }
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Launch Evolved All (lua5.3)",
+            "type": "lua-local",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": {
+                "lua": "lua5.3",
+                "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "name": "Launch Evolved All (lua5.4)",
             "type": "lua-local",
@@ -19,6 +37,15 @@
                 "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
             }
         },
+        {
+            "name": "Launch Evolved All (lua5.5)",
+            "type": "lua-local",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": {
+                "lua": "lua5.5",
+                "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
+            }
+        },
         {
             "name": "Launch Evolved All (luajit)",
             "type": "lua-local",
@@ -27,6 +54,17 @@
                 "lua": "luajit",
                 "file": "${workspaceFolder}/develop/all.lua"
             }
+        },
+        {
+            "name": "Launch Evolved Example (LÖVE)",
+            "type": "lua-local",
+            "request": "launch",
+            "program": {
+                "command": "love"
+            },
+            "args": [
+                "${workspaceFolder}/example"
+            ]
         }
     ]
 }

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "[json][jsonc][lua][markdown][yaml]": {
+    "[json][jsonc][lua][markdown][teal][yaml]": {
         "editor.formatOnSave": true,
         "files.insertFinalNewline": true,
         "files.trimFinalNewlines": true,

LICENSE.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 MIT License
 
-Copyright (C) 2024-2025, by Matvey Cherevko (blackmatov@gmail.com)
+Copyright (C) 2024-2026, by Matvey Cherevko (blackmatov@gmail.com)
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal

develop/GUIDES.md

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 1. Insert the new function into the `evolved` table in `evolved.lua`.
 2. Create tests for the function in `develop/testing/function_name_tests.lua`.
 3. Add the new test to `develop/all.lua`.
-4. Document the function in the **Cheat Sheet** and **API Reference** sections of `README.md`.
-5. Provide a description in the **Overview** section of `README.md`.
-6. Describe the update in the **Changelog** section of `README.md`.
+4. Update the Teal type definitions in `evolved.d.tl`.
+5. Document the function in the **Cheat Sheet** and **API Reference** sections of `README.md`.
+6. Provide a description in the **Overview** section of `README.md`.
+7. Describe the update in the **Changelog** section of `README.md`.

develop/ROADMAP.md

@@ -5,14 +5,12 @@
 - observers and events
 - add INDEX fragment trait
 - use compact prefix-tree for chunks
-- optional ffi component storages
 
 ## Thoughts
 
-- We can return deferred status from modifying operations and spawn/clone methods.
-- We should have a way to not copy components on deferred spawn/clone.
+- We should have a way to not copy components on deferred spawn/clone
+- Basic default component value as true looks awful, should we use something else?
 
 ## Known Issues
 
-- Required fragments are slower than they should be
-- Errors in hooks are cannot be handled properly right now
+- Errors in hooks or rellocs/compmoves/mappers are cannot be handled properly right now

develop/all.lua

@@ -1,17 +1,26 @@
-require 'develop.samples.systems'
-
 require 'develop.testing.build_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.cached_hooks_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.cancel_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.clone_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.depth_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.destroy_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.locate_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.lookup_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.main_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.mappers_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.multi_spawn_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.name_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.process_with_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.realloc_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.requires_fragment_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.spawn_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.system_as_query_tests'
 
 require 'develop.benchmarks.clone_bmarks'
 require 'develop.benchmarks.common_bmarks'
+require 'develop.benchmarks.destroy_bmarks'
 require 'develop.benchmarks.migration_bmarks'
+require 'develop.benchmarks.other_bmarks'
 require 'develop.benchmarks.process_bmarks'
 require 'develop.benchmarks.spawn_bmarks'
 require 'develop.benchmarks.table_bmarks'
@@ -32,3 +41,5 @@ print '----------------------------------------'
 basics.describe_fuzz 'develop.fuzzing.requires_fuzz'
 print '----------------------------------------'
 basics.describe_fuzz 'develop.fuzzing.unique_fuzz'
+
+print 'All tests passed.'

develop/benchmarks/clone_bmarks.lua

@@ -6,16 +6,35 @@ evo.debug_mode(false)
 local N = 1000
 
 local F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 = evo.id(5)
+local D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 = evo.id(5)
 
-local Q1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DEFAULT, true)
 
-local R1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
-local R3 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
-local R5 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+
+local QF1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+local QD1 = evo.builder():include(D1):spawn()
+
+local RF1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
+local RF123 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
+local RF12345 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+
+local RD1 = evo.builder():require(D1):spawn()
+local RD123 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3):spawn()
+local RD12345 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3, D4, D5):spawn()
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
@@ -25,142 +44,492 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entitie
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
-
-        for _ = 1, N do
-            clone(prefab)
-        end
-
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
-    end)
-
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
-    function()
-        local clone = evo.clone
-
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
-
-        for _ = 1, N do
-            clone(prefab)
-        end
-
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
-    end)
-
-print '----------------------------------------'
-
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
-    function()
-        local clone = evo.clone
-
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R1] = true }
-
-        for _ = 1, N do
-            clone(prefab)
-        end
-
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
-    end)
-
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
-    function()
-        local clone = evo.clone
-
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R3] = true }
-
-        for _ = 1, N do
-            clone(prefab)
-        end
-
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
-    end)
-
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
-    function()
-        local clone = evo.clone
-
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R5] = true }
-
-        for _ = 1, N do
-            clone(prefab)
-        end
-
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
-    end)
-
-print '----------------------------------------'
-
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
-    function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
-
         local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true }
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
 
         local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
 
         local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+        local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R1] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
+        evo.remove(prefab, F1)
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+        local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R3] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+        local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R5] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD1] = true }
 
-        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+        evo.remove(prefab, F1, F2, F3)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+        evo.remove(prefab, F1, F2, F3, F4, F5)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD1] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD123] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone_nr = evo.multi_clone_nr
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        multi_clone_nr(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)

develop/benchmarks/common_bmarks.lua

@@ -54,7 +54,7 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Common Benchmarks: Evolved Entity Cycle | %
         local prefab_a = evo.builder():prefab():set(world):set(a, 0):spawn()
         local prefab_b = evo.builder():prefab():set(world):set(b, 0):spawn()
 
-        evo.multi_clone(N, prefab_a)
+        evo.multi_clone_nr(N, prefab_a)
 
         evo.builder()
             :set(world):group(world):query(query_a)
@@ -129,10 +129,10 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Common Benchmarks: Evolved Simple Iteration
         local query_cd = evo.builder():set(world):include(c, d):spawn()
         local query_ce = evo.builder():set(world):include(c, e):spawn()
 
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0 })
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0 })
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [d] = 0 })
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [e] = 0 })
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0 })
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0 })
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [d] = 0 })
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [e] = 0 })
 
         evo.builder()
             :set(world):group(world):query(query_ab)
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Common Benchmarks: Evolved Packed Iteration
         local query_d = evo.builder():set(world):include(d):spawn()
         local query_e = evo.builder():set(world):include(e):spawn()
 
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [d] = 0, [e] = 0 })
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [a] = 0, [b] = 0, [c] = 0, [d] = 0, [e] = 0 })
 
         evo.builder()
             :set(world):group(world):query(query_a)
@@ -317,7 +317,7 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Common Benchmarks: Evolved Fragmented Itera
         local query_z = evo.builder():set(world):include(chars[#chars]):spawn()
 
         for i = 1, #chars do
-            evo.multi_spawn(N, { [world] = true, [chars[i]] = i, [data] = i })
+            evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, { [world] = true, [chars[i]] = i, [data] = i })
         end
 
         evo.builder()

develop/benchmarks/destroy_bmarks.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+local basics = require 'develop.basics'
+
+evo.debug_mode(false)
+
+local N = 1000
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+basics.describe_bench(string.format('Destroy Benchmarks: Acquire and Release %d ids', N),
+    function(tables)
+        local id = evo.id
+        local destroy = evo.destroy
+
+        for i = 1, N do
+            tables[i] = id()
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, N do
+            destroy(tables[i])
+        end
+    end, function()
+        return {}
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(string.format('Destroy Benchmarks: Acquire and Release %d double ids', N),
+    function(tables)
+        local id = evo.id
+        local destroy = evo.destroy
+
+        for i = 1, N, 2 do
+            tables[i], tables[i + 1] = id(2)
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, N, 2 do
+            destroy(tables[i], tables[i + 1])
+        end
+    end, function()
+        return {}
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(string.format('Destroy Benchmarks: Acquire and Release %d triple ids', N),
+    function(tables)
+        local id = evo.id
+        local destroy = evo.destroy
+
+        for i = 1, N, 3 do
+            tables[i], tables[i + 1], tables[i + 2] = id(3)
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, N, 3 do
+            destroy(tables[i], tables[i + 1], tables[i + 2])
+        end
+    end, function()
+        return {}
+    end)

develop/benchmarks/other_bmarks.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+local basics = require 'develop.basics'
+
+evo.debug_mode(false)
+
+local N = 100000
+local Ps = { 0, 10 }
+
+local f0 = evo.builder()
+    :default(0)
+    :build()
+
+local f1 = evo.builder()
+    :default(0)
+    :build()
+
+local f2 = evo.builder()
+    :default(0)
+    :build()
+
+local f3 = evo.builder()
+    :default(0)
+    :build()
+
+local ffi_ok, ffi = pcall(require, 'ffi')
+
+if ffi_ok then
+    local FFI_DOUBLE_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('double')
+    local FFI_DOUBLE_SIZEOF = ffi.sizeof(FFI_DOUBLE_TYPEOF)
+    local FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('double[?]')
+
+    ---@param src ffi.cdata*?
+    ---@param src_size integer
+    ---@param dst_size integer
+    ---@return ffi.cdata*?
+    local function FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_REALLOC(src, src_size, dst_size)
+        if dst_size == 0 then
+            -- freeing the src storage, just let the GC handle it
+            return
+        end
+
+        -- to support 1-based indexing, allocate one extra element
+        local dst = ffi.new(FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_TYPEOF, dst_size + 1)
+
+        if src and src_size > 0 then
+            -- handle both expanding and shrinking
+            local min_size = math.min(src_size, dst_size)
+            ffi.copy(dst + 1, src + 1, min_size * FFI_DOUBLE_SIZEOF)
+        end
+
+        return dst
+    end
+
+    ---@param src ffi.cdata*
+    ---@param f integer
+    ---@param e integer
+    ---@param t integer
+    ---@param dst ffi.cdata*
+    local function FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_COMPMOVE(src, f, e, t, dst)
+        ffi.copy(dst + t, src + f, (e - f + 1) * FFI_DOUBLE_SIZEOF)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(f0, evo.REALLOC, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_REALLOC)
+    evo.set(f0, evo.COMPMOVE, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_COMPMOVE)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REALLOC, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_REALLOC)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.COMPMOVE, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_COMPMOVE)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REALLOC, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_REALLOC)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.COMPMOVE, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_COMPMOVE)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REALLOC, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_REALLOC)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.COMPMOVE, FFI_DOUBLE_STORAGE_COMPMOVE)
+end
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+basics.describe_bench(string.format('Other Benchmarks: MultiSystem | %d entities', N),
+    function(w)
+        evo.process(w)
+    end, function()
+        local w = evo.builder()
+            :set(evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+            :build()
+
+        local third = math.floor(N / 3)
+
+        for _ = 1, third do
+            evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0 })
+        end
+
+        for _ = 1, third do
+            evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f2] = 0 })
+        end
+
+        for _ = 1, N - 2 * third do
+            evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+        end
+
+        evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f1)
+            :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                local f1s = chunk:components(f1)
+
+                for i = 1, entity_count do
+                    f1s[i] = f1s[i] + 1
+                end
+            end):build()
+
+        evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f2)
+            :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                local f2s = chunk:components(f2)
+
+                for i = 1, entity_count do
+                    f2s[i] = f2s[i] + 1
+                end
+            end):build()
+
+        evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f1, f2)
+            :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                local f1s, f2s = chunk:components(f1, f2)
+
+                for i = 1, entity_count do
+                    f1s[i] = f1s[i] + f2s[i]
+                end
+            end):build()
+
+        return w
+    end, function(w)
+        evo.destroy(w)
+    end)
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+for _, P in ipairs(Ps) do
+    basics.describe_bench(string.format('Other Benchmarks: SystemWith1Component, %d padding | %d entities', P, N),
+        function(w)
+            evo.process(w)
+        end, function()
+            local w = evo.builder()
+                :set(evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+                :build()
+
+            local count = 0
+
+            while count < N do
+                evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0, })
+                count = count + 1
+
+                for _ = 0, P - 1 do
+                    evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f0] = 0, })
+                    count = count + 1
+                    if count >= N then break end
+                end
+            end
+
+            evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f1)
+                :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                    local f1s = chunk:components(f1)
+
+                    for i = 1, entity_count do
+                        f1s[i] = f1s[i] + 1
+                    end
+                end):build()
+
+            return w
+        end, function(w)
+            evo.destroy(w)
+        end)
+end
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+for _, P in ipairs(Ps) do
+    basics.describe_bench(string.format('Other Benchmarks: SystemWith2Component, %d padding | %d entities', P, N),
+        function(w)
+            evo.process(w)
+        end, function()
+            local w = evo.builder()
+                :set(evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+                :build()
+
+            local count = 0
+
+            while count < N do
+                evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0, [f2] = 1, })
+                count = count + 1
+
+                for j = 0, P - 1 do
+                    local m = j % 2
+                    if m == 0 then
+                        evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0, })
+                    elseif m == 1 then
+                        evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f2] = 0, })
+                    else
+                        assert(false)
+                    end
+                    count = count + 1
+                    if count >= N then break end
+                end
+            end
+
+            evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f1, f2)
+                :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                    local f1s, f2s = chunk:components(f1, f2)
+
+                    for i = 1, entity_count do
+                        f1s[i] = f1s[i] + f2s[i]
+                    end
+                end):build()
+
+            return w
+        end, function(w)
+            evo.destroy(w)
+        end)
+end
+
+print '----------------------------------------'
+
+for _, P in ipairs(Ps) do
+    basics.describe_bench(string.format('Other Benchmarks: SystemWith3Component, %d padding | %d entities', P, N),
+        function(w)
+            evo.process(w)
+        end, function()
+            local w = evo.builder()
+                :set(evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+                :build()
+
+            local count = 0
+
+            while count < N do
+                evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0, [f2] = 1, [f3] = 1, })
+                count = count + 1
+
+                for j = 0, P - 1 do
+                    local m = j % 3
+                    if m == 0 then
+                        evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f1] = 0, })
+                    elseif m == 1 then
+                        evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f2] = 0, })
+                    elseif m == 2 then
+                        evo.spawn({ [w] = true, [f3] = 0, })
+                    else
+                        assert(false)
+                    end
+                    count = count + 1
+                    if count >= N then break end
+                end
+            end
+
+            evo.builder():set(w):group(w):include(f1, f2, f3)
+                :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+                    local f1s, f2s, f3s = chunk:components(f1, f2, f3)
+
+                    for i = 1, entity_count do
+                        f1s[i] = f1s[i] + f2s[i] + f3s[i]
+                    end
+                end):build()
+
+            return w
+        end, function(w)
+            evo.destroy(w)
+        end)
+end

develop/benchmarks/process_bmarks.lua

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Process Benchmarks: Evolved AoS Processing
         local pf = evo.builder():set(wf):spawn()
         local vf = evo.builder():set(wf):spawn()
 
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, {
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, {
             [wf] = true,
             [pf] = { x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, w = 0 },
             [vf] = { x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, w = 0 },
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Process Benchmarks: Evolved SoA Processing
         local vzf = evo.builder():set(wf):spawn()
         local vwf = evo.builder():set(wf):spawn()
 
-        evo.multi_spawn(N, {
+        evo.multi_spawn_nr(N, {
             [wf] = true,
             [pxf] = 0,
             [pyf] = 0,

develop/benchmarks/spawn_bmarks.lua

@@ -6,16 +6,35 @@ evo.debug_mode(false)
 local N = 1000
 
 local F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 = evo.id(5)
+local D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 = evo.id(5)
 
-local Q1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DEFAULT, true)
 
-local R1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
-local R3 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
-local R5 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+
+local QF1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+local QD1 = evo.builder():include(D1):spawn()
+
+local RF1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
+local RF123 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
+local RF12345 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+
+local RD1 = evo.builder():require(D1):spawn()
+local RD123 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3):spawn()
+local RD12345 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3, D4, D5):spawn()
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -25,10 +44,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -38,10 +88,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -51,53 +132,177 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R1] = true }
+        local components = { [RF1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R3] = true }
+        local components = { [RF1] = true }
 
+        evo.defer()
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R5] = true }
+        local components = { [RD1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1)
 
@@ -105,10 +310,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3)
 
@@ -116,10 +348,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1):set(D2):set(D3)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3):set(F4):set(F5)
 
@@ -127,110 +386,379 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3):set(F4):set(F5)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1):set(D2):set(D3):set(D4):set(D5)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R1)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF1)
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R3)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF1)
 
+        evo.defer()
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R5)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD1)
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF123)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF123)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD123)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF12345)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF12345)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD12345)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
         local components = { [F1] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
         local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
         local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
         local components = { [F1] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
-        local components = { [R3] = true }
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
 
-        local components = { [R5] = true }
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
 
-        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RD123] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn_nr = evo.multi_spawn_nr
+
+        local components = { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn_nr(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)

develop/fuzzing/batch_destroy_fuzz.lua

@@ -118,11 +118,11 @@ end
 ---
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end
 
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/fuzzing/destroy_fuzz.lua

@@ -124,11 +124,11 @@ end
 ---
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end
 
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/fuzzing/execute_fuzz.lua

@@ -56,6 +56,20 @@ local function generate_query(query)
         end
     end
 
+    local variant_set = {}
+    local variant_list = {}
+    local variant_count = 0
+
+    for _ = 1, math.random(0, #all_fragment_list) do
+        local variant = all_fragment_list[math.random(1, #all_fragment_list)]
+
+        if not variant_set[variant] then
+            variant_count = variant_count + 1
+            variant_set[variant] = variant_count
+            variant_list[variant_count] = variant
+        end
+    end
+
     if include_count > 0 then
         evo.set(query, evo.INCLUDES, include_list)
     end
@@ -63,6 +77,10 @@ local function generate_query(query)
     if exclude_count > 0 then
         evo.set(query, evo.EXCLUDES, exclude_list)
     end
+
+    if variant_count > 0 then
+        evo.set(query, evo.VARIANTS, variant_list)
+    end
 end
 
 ---@param query_count integer
@@ -173,12 +191,22 @@ local function execute_query(query)
 
     local query_include_list = evo.get(query, evo.INCLUDES) or {}
     local query_exclude_list = evo.get(query, evo.EXCLUDES) or {}
+    local query_variant_list = evo.get(query, evo.VARIANTS) or {}
+
+    local query_include_count = #query_include_list
+    local query_exclude_count = #query_exclude_list
+    local query_variant_count = #query_variant_list
 
     local query_include_set = {}
     for _, include in ipairs(query_include_list) do
         query_include_set[include] = true
     end
 
+    local query_variant_set = {}
+    for _, variant in ipairs(query_variant_list) do
+        query_variant_set[variant] = true
+    end
+
     for chunk, entity_list, entity_count in evo.execute(query) do
         assert(not query_chunk_set[chunk])
         query_chunk_set[chunk] = true
@@ -189,19 +217,29 @@ local function execute_query(query)
             query_entity_set[entity] = true
         end
 
-        assert(chunk:has_all(__table_unpack(query_include_list)))
-        assert(not chunk:has_any(__table_unpack(query_exclude_list)))
+        if query_include_count > 0 then
+            assert(chunk:has_all(__table_unpack(query_include_list)))
+        end
+
+        if query_exclude_count > 0 then
+            assert(not chunk:has_any(__table_unpack(query_exclude_list)))
+        end
+
+        if query_variant_count > 0 then
+            assert(chunk:has_any(__table_unpack(query_variant_list)))
+        end
     end
 
     for i = 1, all_entity_count do
         local entity = all_entity_list[i]
 
         local is_entity_matched =
-            evo.has_all(entity, __table_unpack(query_include_list))
-            and not evo.has_any(entity, __table_unpack(query_exclude_list))
+            (query_variant_count == 0 or evo.has_any(entity, __table_unpack(query_variant_list))) and
+            (query_include_count == 0 or evo.has_all(entity, __table_unpack(query_include_list))) and
+            (query_exclude_count == 0 or not evo.has_any(entity, __table_unpack(query_exclude_list)))
 
         for fragment in evo.each(entity) do
-            if evo.has(fragment, evo.EXPLICIT) and not query_include_set[fragment] then
+            if evo.has(fragment, evo.EXPLICIT) and not query_variant_set[fragment] and not query_include_set[fragment] then
                 is_entity_matched = false
             end
         end
@@ -236,10 +274,13 @@ for _ = 1, math.random(1, 5) do
     if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
         generate_query(query)
     else
-        if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
+        local r = math.random(1, 3)
+        if r == 1 then
             evo.remove(query, evo.INCLUDES)
-        else
+        elseif r == 2 then
             evo.remove(query, evo.EXCLUDES)
+        else
+            evo.remove(query, evo.VARIANTS)
         end
     end
 end
@@ -255,7 +296,7 @@ end
 ---
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end
 
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_query_list))
@@ -263,5 +304,5 @@ evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_fragment_list))
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/fuzzing/explicit_fuzz.lua

@@ -78,11 +78,11 @@ end
 ---
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end
 
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/fuzzing/requires_fuzz.lua

@@ -115,17 +115,17 @@ end
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
     evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
     if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-        evo.collect_garbage()
+        evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
     end
     evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_fragment_list))
 else
     evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_fragment_list))
     if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-        evo.collect_garbage()
+        evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
     end
     evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 end
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/fuzzing/unique_fuzz.lua

@@ -64,11 +64,11 @@ end
 ---
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end
 
 evo.destroy(__table_unpack(all_entity_list))
 
 if math.random(1, 2) == 1 then
-    evo.collect_garbage()
+    evo.collect_garbage(math.random(1, 2) == 1)
 end

develop/samples/systems.lua

@@ -1,129 +0,0 @@
----@diagnostic disable: unused-local
-
-local evo = require 'evolved'
-
-evo.debug_mode(true)
-
----@class evolved.vector2
----@field x number
----@field y number
-
----@param x number
----@param y number
----@return evolved.vector2
----@nodiscard
-local function vector2(x, y)
-    ---@type evolved.vector2
-    return { x = x, y = y }
-end
-
-local consts = {
-    delta_time = 0.016,
-    physics_gravity = vector2(0, 9.81),
-}
-
-local groups = {
-    awake = evo.spawn(),
-    physics = evo.spawn(),
-    graphics = evo.spawn(),
-    shutdown = evo.spawn(),
-}
-
-local fragments = {
-    force = evo.spawn(),
-    position = evo.spawn(),
-    velocity = evo.spawn(),
-}
-
-local queries = {
-    physics_bodies = evo.builder()
-        :include(fragments.force, fragments.position, fragments.velocity)
-        :spawn(),
-}
-
-local awake_system = evo.builder()
-    :group(groups.awake)
-    :prologue(function()
-        print '-= | Awake | =-'
-        evo.builder()
-            :set(fragments.force, vector2(0, 0))
-            :set(fragments.position, vector2(0, 0))
-            :set(fragments.velocity, vector2(0, 0))
-            :spawn()
-    end):spawn()
-
-local integrate_forces_system = evo.builder()
-    :group(groups.physics)
-    :query(queries.physics_bodies)
-    :execute(function(chunk, entities, entity_count)
-        local delta_time, physics_gravity =
-            consts.delta_time, consts.physics_gravity
-
-        ---@type evolved.vector2[], evolved.vector2[]
-        local forces, velocities = chunk:components(
-            fragments.force, fragments.velocity)
-
-        for i = 1, entity_count do
-            local force, velocity = forces[i], velocities[i]
-
-            velocity.x = velocity.x + (physics_gravity.x + force.x) * delta_time
-            velocity.y = velocity.y + (physics_gravity.y + force.y) * delta_time
-        end
-    end):spawn()
-
-local integrate_velocities_system = evo.builder()
-    :group(groups.physics)
-    :query(queries.physics_bodies)
-    :execute(function(chunk, entities, entity_count)
-        local delta_time =
-            consts.delta_time
-
-        ---@type evolved.vector2[], evolved.vector2[], evolved.vector2[]
-        local forces, positions, velocities = chunk:components(
-            fragments.force, fragments.position, fragments.velocity)
-
-        for i = 1, entity_count do
-            local force, position, velocity = forces[i], positions[i], velocities[i]
-
-            position.x = position.x + velocity.x * delta_time
-            position.y = position.y + velocity.y * delta_time
-
-            force.x = 0
-            force.y = 0
-        end
-    end):spawn()
-
-local graphics_system = evo.builder()
-    :group(groups.graphics)
-    :query(queries.physics_bodies)
-    :execute(function(chunk, entities, entity_count)
-        ---@type evolved.vector2[]
-        local positions = chunk:components(
-            fragments.position)
-
-        for i = 1, entity_count do
-            local entity, position = entities[i], positions[i]
-
-            print(string.format(
-                '|-> {entity %d} at {%.4f, %.4f}',
-                entity, position.x, position.y))
-        end
-    end):spawn()
-
-local shutdown_system = evo.builder()
-    :group(groups.shutdown)
-    :epilogue(function()
-        print '-= | Shutdown | =-'
-        evo.batch_destroy(queries.physics_bodies)
-    end):spawn()
-
-do
-    evo.process(groups.awake)
-
-    for _ = 1, 10 do
-        evo.process(groups.physics)
-        evo.process(groups.graphics)
-    end
-
-    evo.process(groups.shutdown)
-end

develop/testing/build_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
 

develop/testing/cached_hooks_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local insert_hook_calls = 0
+
+    if f1 < f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 1)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.ON_INSERT)
+    evo.remove(f2, evo.ON_INSERT)
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 0)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+
+    if f1 < f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 2)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local insert_hook_calls = 0
+
+    if f1 > f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 1)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.ON_INSERT)
+    evo.remove(f2, evo.ON_INSERT)
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 0)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+
+    if f1 > f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function()
+            insert_hook_calls = insert_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        insert_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        assert(insert_hook_calls == 2)
+        evo.destroy(e)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local remove_hook_calls = 0
+
+    if f1 < f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 1)
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE)
+    evo.remove(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE)
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 0)
+    end
+
+    if f1 < f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 2)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local remove_hook_calls = 0
+
+    if f1 > f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 1
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 1)
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE)
+    evo.remove(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE)
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 0)
+    end
+
+    if f1 > f2 then
+        evo.set(f1, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    else
+        evo.set(f2, evo.ON_REMOVE, function()
+            remove_hook_calls = remove_hook_calls + 2
+        end)
+    end
+
+    do
+        remove_hook_calls = 0
+        local e = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+        evo.destroy(e)
+        assert(remove_hook_calls == 2)
+    end
+end

develop/testing/cancel_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     assert(evo.defer())
     assert(evo.cancel())

develop/testing/clone_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,561 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 42)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 100)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f3] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 100)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 10)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 'hello')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == nil)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+        evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == nil)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 2 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 200 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+    end
+
+    local f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+    local f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_set_count = f1_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_inserted_count = f1_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+
+        assert(f1_set_count == 1)
+        assert(f1_inserted_count == 1)
+        assert(f2_set_sum == 100 * 2 + 10 * 2)
+        assert(f3_inserted_count == 1)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(1, p)
+        assert(#es == 1 and ec == 1)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, {})
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(4, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 100)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(5, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f3] = 10 })
+        assert(#es == 5 and ec == 5)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 100)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == 10)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+            for i = 1, ec do
+                assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 'world')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == 'hello')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == nil)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+        evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+            for i = 1, ec do
+                assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 'world')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == nil)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 2 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p)
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p, {})
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(4, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 200 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(5, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(#es == 5 and ec == 5)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    local f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+    local f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_set_count = f1_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_inserted_count = f1_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(1, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+
+            assert(f1_set_count == 1)
+            assert(f1_inserted_count == 1)
+            assert(f2_set_sum == 100 * 2 + 10 * 2)
+            assert(f3_inserted_count == 1)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    local p = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.multi_clone_to(entity_list, 1, entity_count, p)
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[1], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[1], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[1], f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == 'hello')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.multi_clone_to(entity_list, 2, entity_count, p)
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[3], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[3], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[3], f2) == 'hello')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.defer()
+        evo.multi_clone_to(entity_list, 1, entity_count, p)
+        assert(entity_list[1] and entity_list[2])
+        assert(evo.empty_all(entity_list[1], entity_list[2]))
+        evo.commit()
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[1], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[1], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[1], f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == 'hello')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.defer()
+        evo.multi_clone_to(entity_list, 2, entity_count, p)
+        assert(entity_list[2] and entity_list[3])
+        assert(evo.empty_all(entity_list[2], entity_list[3]))
+        evo.commit()
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[3], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[3], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[3], f2) == 'hello')
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    local q12 = evo.builder():include(f1, f2):build()
+    local p = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+
+    do
+        assert(select('#', evo.multi_clone_nr(2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 3)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, 'hello')
+
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_clone_nr(2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 5)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, 'hello')
+
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_build_nr(2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 7)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    local q12 = evo.builder():include(f1, f2):build()
+    local p = evo.spawn { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' }
+
+    do
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', evo.multi_clone_to(entity_list, 1, 2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 3)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, 'hello')
+
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_clone_to(entity_list, 1, 2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 5)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, 'hello')
+
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_build_to(entity_list, 1, 2, p)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 7)
+        end
+    end
+end

develop/testing/depth_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+
+    assert(evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(not evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 2)
+
+    assert(not evo.cancel())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(evo.cancel())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+end
+
+do
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+
+    assert(evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(not evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 2)
+
+    assert(not evo.commit())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(evo.commit())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+end
+
+do
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+
+    assert(evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(not evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 2)
+
+    assert(not evo.cancel())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(evo.commit())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+end
+
+do
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+
+    assert(evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(not evo.defer())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 2)
+
+    assert(not evo.commit())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 1)
+
+    assert(evo.cancel())
+    assert(evo.depth() == 0)
+end

develop/testing/destroy_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    local e = evo.id()
+    assert(evo.alive(e))
+
+    evo.destroy(e)
+    assert(not evo.alive(e))
+
+    evo.destroy(e)
+    assert(not evo.alive(e))
+end
+
+do
+    local e1, e2 = evo.id(2)
+    assert(evo.alive_all(e1, e2))
+
+    evo.destroy(e1, e2)
+    assert(not evo.alive_any(e1, e2))
+
+    evo.destroy(e1, e2)
+    assert(not evo.alive_any(e1, e2))
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.has_any(e, f1, f2) and evo.has(e, f3))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.has_any(e, f1, f2) and evo.has(e, f3))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.has_any(e, f1, f2) and evo.has(e, f3))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.has_any(e, f1, f2) and evo.has(e, f3))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(not evo.alive(e))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(not evo.alive(e))
+    end
+    do
+        local e, f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY, evo.DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY)
+
+        evo.set(e, f1, 42)
+        evo.set(e, f2, 21)
+        evo.set(e, f3, 84)
+
+        evo.destroy(f1, f2)
+        assert(not evo.alive(e))
+    end
+end

develop/testing/locate_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local e1, e2, f1, f2 = evo.id(4)
 

develop/testing/lookup_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    local e1, e2, e3 = evo.id(3)
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == nil)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == nil)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+        end
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_world')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+        end
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e1, evo.NAME, 'lookup_hello')
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == e1)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == nil)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 1 and entity_count == 1)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e1)
+        end
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_world')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+        end
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e2, evo.NAME, 'lookup_hello')
+    evo.set(e3, evo.NAME, 'lookup_hello')
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == e1)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == nil)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 3 and entity_count == 3)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e1 and entity_list[2] == e2 and entity_list[3] == e3)
+        end
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e2, evo.NAME, 'lookup_world')
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == e1)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == e2)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 2 and entity_count == 2)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e1 and entity_list[2] == e3)
+        end
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_world')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 1 and entity_count == 1)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e2)
+        end
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e3, evo.NAME, 'lookup_world')
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == e1)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == e2)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 1 and entity_count == 1)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e1)
+        end
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_world')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 2 and entity_count == 2)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e2 or entity_list[1] == e3)
+        end
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(e1, evo.NAME)
+
+    do
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_hello') == nil)
+        assert(evo.lookup('lookup_world') == e2)
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_hello')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+        end
+
+        do
+            local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_world')
+            assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 2 and entity_count == 2)
+            assert(entity_list[1] == e2 or entity_list[1] == e3)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local e1, e2, e3 = evo.id(3)
+
+    evo.set(e1, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 1 and entity_count == 1)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e1)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e2, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 2 and entity_count == 2)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e1 and entity_list[2] == e2)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e3, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 3 and entity_count == 3)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e1 and entity_list[2] == e2 and entity_list[3] == e3)
+    end
+
+    evo.clear(e1, e2, e3)
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e3, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 1 and entity_count == 1)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e3)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e2, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 2 and entity_count == 2)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e3 and entity_list[2] == e2)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(e1, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 3 and entity_count == 3)
+        assert(entity_list[1] == e3 and entity_list[2] == e2 and entity_list[3] == e1)
+    end
+
+    evo.destroy(e3, e2, e1)
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = evo.multi_lookup('lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_list and #entity_list == 0 and entity_count == 0)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local e1, e2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    evo.set(e1, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+    evo.set(e2, evo.NAME, 'lookup_e')
+
+    do
+        local entity_list = {}
+        local entity_count = evo.multi_lookup_to(entity_list, 1, 'lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_count == 2 and entity_list[1] == e1 and entity_list[2] == e2)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list = {}
+        local entity_count = evo.multi_lookup_to(entity_list, 2, 'lookup_e')
+        assert(entity_count == 2 and entity_list[2] == e1 and entity_list[3] == e2)
+    end
+end

develop/testing/main_tests.lua

@@ -2302,27 +2302,66 @@ do
     evo.set(e2, f2, 44)
 
     do
-        local iter, state = evo.execute(q)
-        local chunk = iter(state)
-        assert(chunk and chunk ~= evo.chunk(f1))
+        local e1_count = 0
+        local e2_count = 0
+
+        for _, entity_list, entity_count in evo.execute(q) do
+            for i = 1, entity_count do
+                if entity_list[i] == e1 then
+                    e1_count = e1_count + 1
+                elseif entity_list[i] == e2 then
+                    e2_count = e2_count + 1
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        assert(e1_count == 1)
+        assert(e2_count == 1)
     end
 
     evo.set(q, evo.EXCLUDES, { f2 })
 
     do
-        local iter, state = evo.execute(q)
-        local chunk = iter(state)
-        assert(chunk and chunk ~= evo.chunk(f1))
+        local e1_count = 0
+        local e2_count = 0
+
+        for chunk, entity_list, entity_count in evo.execute(q) do
+            assert(not chunk:has(f2))
+
+            for i = 1, entity_count do
+                if entity_list[i] == e1 then
+                    e1_count = e1_count + 1
+                elseif entity_list[i] == e2 then
+                    e2_count = e2_count + 1
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        assert(e1_count == 1)
+        assert(e2_count == 0)
     end
 
     evo.set(q, evo.INCLUDES, { f1 })
 
     do
-        local iter, state = evo.execute(q)
-        local chunk, entity_list, entity_count = iter(state)
-        assert(chunk == evo.chunk(f1))
-        assert(entity_list and entity_list[1] == e1)
-        assert(entity_count == 1)
+        local e1_count = 0
+        local e2_count = 0
+
+        for chunk, entity_list, entity_count in evo.execute(q) do
+            assert(chunk:has(f1))
+            assert(not chunk:has(f2))
+
+            for i = 1, entity_count do
+                if entity_list[i] == e1 then
+                    e1_count = e1_count + 1
+                elseif entity_list[i] == e2 then
+                    e2_count = e2_count + 1
+                end
+            end
+        end
+
+        assert(e1_count == 1)
+        assert(e2_count == 0)
     end
 end
 
@@ -2889,8 +2928,8 @@ do
         last_insert_entity, last_insert_component = 0, 0
         local e = evo.spawn({ [f2] = 21, [f1] = true })
         assert(set_count == 2 and insert_count == 2)
-        assert(last_set_entity == e and last_set_component == 21)
-        assert(last_insert_entity == e and last_insert_component == 21)
+        assert(last_set_entity == e and (last_set_component == 21 or last_set_component == true))
+        assert(last_insert_entity == e and (last_insert_component == 21 or last_insert_component == true))
     end
 
     do
@@ -2909,8 +2948,8 @@ do
         last_insert_entity, last_insert_component = 0, 0
         local e = evo.spawn({ [f3] = 33, [f2] = 22 })
         assert(set_count == 2 and insert_count == 2)
-        assert(last_set_entity == e and last_set_component == nil)
-        assert(last_insert_entity == e and last_insert_component == nil)
+        assert(last_set_entity == e and (last_set_component == nil or last_set_component == 22))
+        assert(last_insert_entity == e and (last_insert_component == nil or last_insert_component == 22))
     end
 end
 

develop/testing/mappers_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local e1 = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+    end)
+
+    local e2 = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+    end)
+
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 2)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == 6)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 11)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 22)
+
+    local e11 = evo.clone(e1, nil, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 3
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 4
+    end)
+
+    local e22 = evo.clone(e2, nil, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 30
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 40
+    end)
+
+    assert(evo.has(e11, f1) and evo.get(e11, f1) == 6)
+    assert(evo.has(e11, f2) and evo.get(e11, f2) == 24)
+    assert(evo.has(e22, f1) and evo.get(e22, f1) == 41)
+    assert(evo.has(e22, f2) and evo.get(e22, f2) == 62)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    evo.defer()
+
+    local e1 = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+    end)
+
+    local e2 = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+    end)
+
+    assert(not evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == nil)
+
+    evo.commit()
+
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 2)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == 6)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 11)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 22)
+
+    evo.defer()
+
+    local e11 = evo.clone(e1, nil, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 3
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 4
+    end)
+
+    local e22 = evo.clone(e2, nil, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 30
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 40
+    end)
+
+    assert(not evo.has(e11, f1) and evo.get(e11, f1) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e11, f2) and evo.get(e11, f2) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e22, f1) and evo.get(e22, f1) == nil)
+    assert(not evo.has(e22, f2) and evo.get(e22, f2) == nil)
+
+    evo.commit()
+
+    assert(evo.has(e11, f1) and evo.get(e11, f1) == 6)
+    assert(evo.has(e11, f2) and evo.get(e11, f2) == 24)
+    assert(evo.has(e22, f1) and evo.get(e22, f1) == 41)
+    assert(evo.has(e22, f2) and evo.get(e22, f2) == 62)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec do
+        local e = es[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 6)
+    end
+
+    local es2, ec2 = evo.multi_clone(10, es[1], nil, function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec2 do
+        local e = es2[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 12)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 26)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    evo.defer()
+
+    local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 }, function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec do
+        local e = es[i]
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == nil)
+    end
+
+    evo.commit()
+
+    for i = 1, ec do
+        local e = es[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 6)
+    end
+
+    evo.defer()
+
+    local es2, ec2 = evo.multi_clone(10, es[1], nil, function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec2 do
+        local e = es2[i]
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == nil)
+    end
+
+    evo.commit()
+
+    for i = 1, ec2 do
+        local e = es2[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 12)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 26)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 1):set(f2, 2):build(nil, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+    end)
+
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 2)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == 6)
+
+    local e2 = evo.builder():build(e1, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+    end)
+
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 12)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 26)
+
+    local e3 = evo.builder():set(f2, 3):build(e1, function(c, p)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+        f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+    end)
+
+    assert(evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == 12)
+    assert(evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == 23)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    local es, ec = evo.builder():set(f1, 1):set(f2, 2):multi_build(10, nil, function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] * 2
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] * 3
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec do
+        local e = es[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 6)
+    end
+
+    local es2, ec2 = evo.builder():multi_build(10, es[1], function(c, b, e)
+        local f1s, f2s = c:components(f1, f2)
+        for p = b, e do
+            f1s[p] = f1s[p] + 10
+            f2s[p] = f2s[p] + 20
+        end
+    end)
+
+    for i = 1, ec2 do
+        local e = es2[i]
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 12)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 26)
+    end
+end

develop/testing/multi_spawn_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local entity_list
 
@@ -605,3 +607,164 @@ do
         end
     end
 end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 1, entity_count, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[1], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[1], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[1], f2) == "hello")
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == "hello")
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 2, entity_count, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[3], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == "hello")
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[3], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[3], f2) == "hello")
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.defer()
+        evo.multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 1, entity_count, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })
+        assert(entity_list[1] and entity_list[2])
+        assert(evo.empty_all(entity_list[1], entity_list[2]))
+        evo.commit()
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[1], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[1], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[1], f2) == "hello")
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == "hello")
+    end
+
+    do
+        local entity_list, entity_count = {}, 2
+        evo.defer()
+        evo.multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 2, entity_count, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })
+        assert(entity_list[2] and entity_list[3])
+        assert(evo.empty_all(entity_list[2], entity_list[3]))
+        evo.commit()
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[2], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has_all(entity_list[3], f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[2], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[2], f2) == "hello")
+        assert(evo.get(entity_list[3], f1) == 42 and evo.get(entity_list[3], f2) == "hello")
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    local q12 = evo.builder():include(f1, f2):spawn()
+
+    do
+        assert(select('#', evo.multi_spawn_nr(2, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 2)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, "hello")
+
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_spawn_nr(2)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 4)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, "hello")
+
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_build_nr(2)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 6)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    local q12 = evo.builder():include(f1, f2):spawn()
+
+    do
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', evo.multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 1, 2, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = "hello" })) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 2)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, "hello")
+
+
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_spawn_to(entity_list, 1, 2)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 4)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local b = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):set(f2, "hello")
+
+
+        local entity_list = {}
+        assert(select('#', b:multi_build_to(entity_list, 1, 2)) == 0)
+
+        do
+            local entity_count = 0
+
+            for chunk in evo.execute(q12) do
+                local _, chunk_entity_count = chunk:entities()
+                entity_count = entity_count + chunk_entity_count
+            end
+
+            assert(entity_count == 6)
+        end
+    end
+end

develop/testing/name_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local id = evo.id()
 

develop/testing/process_with_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    local f = evo.id()
+    local e = evo.builder():set(f, 42):spawn()
+
+    local s = evo.builder()
+        :include(f)
+        :prologue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == 11 and payload2 == 22 and payload3 == 33)
+        end)
+        :execute(function(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == 11 and payload2 == 22 and payload3 == 33)
+            assert(chunk == evo.chunk(f) and entity_count == 1 and entity_list[1] == e)
+        end)
+        :epilogue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == 11 and payload2 == 22 and payload3 == 33)
+        end)
+        :spawn()
+
+    evo.process_with(s, 11, 22, 33)
+end
+
+do
+    local f = evo.id()
+    local e = evo.builder():set(f, 42):spawn()
+
+    local s = evo.builder()
+        :include(f)
+        :prologue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == 42 and payload3 == nil)
+        end)
+        :execute(function(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == 42 and payload3 == nil)
+            assert(chunk == evo.chunk(f) and entity_count == 1 and entity_list[1] == e)
+        end)
+        :epilogue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == 42 and payload3 == nil)
+        end)
+        :spawn()
+
+    evo.process_with(s, nil, 42)
+end
+
+do
+    local f = evo.id()
+    local e = evo.builder():set(f, 42):spawn()
+
+    local s = evo.builder()
+        :include(f)
+        :prologue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == nil and payload3 == nil)
+        end)
+        :execute(function(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == nil and payload3 == nil)
+            assert(chunk == evo.chunk(f) and entity_count == 1 and entity_list[1] == e)
+        end)
+        :epilogue(function(payload1, payload2, payload3)
+            assert(payload1 == nil and payload2 == nil and payload3 == nil)
+        end)
+        :spawn()
+
+    evo.process_with(s)
+end
+
+do
+    local f = evo.id()
+    local e = evo.builder():set(f, 42):spawn()
+
+    local prologue_sum, execute_sum, epilogue_sum = 0, 0, 0
+
+    local function sum(...)
+        local s = 0
+        for i = 1, select('#', ...) do
+            s = s + select(i, ...)
+        end
+        return s
+    end
+
+    local function iota(n)
+        if n == 0 then return end
+        return n, iota(n - 1)
+    end
+
+    local s = evo.builder()
+        :include(f)
+        :prologue(function(...)
+            prologue_sum = prologue_sum + sum(...)
+        end)
+        :execute(function(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, ...)
+            execute_sum = execute_sum + sum(...)
+            assert(chunk == evo.chunk(f) and entity_count == 1 and entity_list[1] == e)
+        end)
+        :epilogue(function(...)
+            epilogue_sum = epilogue_sum + sum(...)
+        end)
+        :spawn()
+
+    for n = 0, 50 do
+        prologue_sum, execute_sum, epilogue_sum = 0, 0, 0
+        evo.process_with(s, iota(n))
+        local expect_sum = (n * (n + 1)) / 2
+        assert(prologue_sum == expect_sum)
+        assert(execute_sum == expect_sum)
+        assert(epilogue_sum == expect_sum)
+    end
+end

develop/testing/realloc_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,596 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+---@type ffilib?
+local ffi = (function()
+    if package and package.loaded then
+        local loaded_ffi = package.loaded.ffi
+        if loaded_ffi then return loaded_ffi end
+    end
+
+    if package and package.preload then
+        local ffi_loader = package.preload.ffi
+        if ffi_loader then return ffi_loader() end
+    end
+end)()
+
+if not ffi then
+    return
+end
+
+local FLOAT_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('float')
+local FLOAT_SIZEOF = ffi.sizeof(FLOAT_TYPEOF)
+local FLOAT_STORAGE_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('$[?]', FLOAT_TYPEOF)
+
+local DOUBLE_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('double')
+local DOUBLE_SIZEOF = ffi.sizeof(DOUBLE_TYPEOF)
+local DOUBLE_STORAGE_TYPEOF = ffi.typeof('$[?]', DOUBLE_TYPEOF)
+
+local STORAGE_SIZES = {}
+
+---@type evolved.realloc
+local function float_realloc(src, src_size, dst_size)
+    if dst_size == 0 then
+        assert(src and src_size > 0)
+        local expected_src_size = STORAGE_SIZES[src]
+        assert(expected_src_size == src_size)
+        STORAGE_SIZES[src] = nil
+        return
+    else
+        if src then
+            assert(src_size > 0)
+            local expected_src_size = STORAGE_SIZES[src]
+            assert(expected_src_size == src_size)
+        else
+            assert(src_size == 0)
+        end
+
+        local dst = ffi.new(FLOAT_STORAGE_TYPEOF, dst_size + 1)
+        STORAGE_SIZES[dst] = dst_size
+
+        if src then
+            ffi.copy(dst + 1, src + 1, math.min(src_size, dst_size) * FLOAT_SIZEOF)
+        end
+
+        return dst
+    end
+end
+
+---@type evolved.realloc
+local function double_realloc(src, src_size, dst_size)
+    if dst_size == 0 then
+        assert(src and src_size > 0)
+        local expected_src_size = STORAGE_SIZES[src]
+        assert(expected_src_size == src_size)
+        STORAGE_SIZES[src] = nil
+        return
+    else
+        if src then
+            assert(src_size > 0)
+            local expected_src_size = STORAGE_SIZES[src]
+            assert(expected_src_size == src_size)
+        else
+            assert(src_size == 0)
+        end
+
+        local dst = ffi.new(DOUBLE_STORAGE_TYPEOF, dst_size + 1)
+        STORAGE_SIZES[dst] = dst_size
+
+        if src then
+            ffi.copy(dst + 1, src + 1, math.min(src_size, dst_size) * DOUBLE_SIZEOF)
+        end
+
+        return dst
+    end
+end
+
+---@type evolved.compmove
+local function double_compmove(src, f, e, t, dst)
+    ffi.copy(dst + t, src + f, (e - f + 1) * DOUBLE_SIZEOF)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):build()
+
+    local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):build()
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 21)
+
+    local e2 = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):build()
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 21)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 42)
+
+    local e3 = evo.builder():set(f1, 84):build()
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 21)
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 42)
+    assert(evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == 84)
+
+    evo.destroy(e1)
+    assert(not evo.has(e1, f1))
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 42)
+    assert(evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == 84)
+
+    evo.destroy(e3)
+    assert(not evo.has(e1, f1))
+    assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 42)
+    assert(not evo.has(e3, f1))
+
+    evo.destroy(e2)
+    assert(not evo.has(e1, f1))
+    assert(not evo.has(e2, f1))
+    assert(not evo.has(e3, f1))
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):build()
+    local q1 = evo.builder():include(f1):build()
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = {}, 10
+        for i = 1, ec do es[i] = evo.spawn({ [f1] = i }) end
+        for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == i) end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):build()
+        local es, ec = {}, 10
+        for i = 1, ec do es[i] = evo.clone(p) end
+        for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42) end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es1, ec1 = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 42 })
+        for i = 1, ec1 do assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 42) end
+
+        local es2, ec2 = evo.multi_spawn(20, { [f1] = 84 })
+        for i = 1, ec1 do assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 42) end
+        for i = 1, ec2 do assert(evo.has(es2[i], f1) and evo.get(es2[i], f1) == 84) end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):build()
+
+        local es1, ec1 = evo.multi_clone(10, p)
+        for i = 1, ec1 do assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 21) end
+
+        local es2, ec2 = evo.multi_clone(20, p)
+        for i = 1, ec1 do assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 21) end
+        for i = 1, ec2 do assert(evo.has(es2[i], f1) and evo.get(es2[i], f1) == 21) end
+    end
+
+    evo.batch_destroy(q1)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):build()
+    local f2 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):build()
+
+    local q1 = evo.builder():include(f1):build()
+    local q2 = evo.builder():include(f2):build()
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):set(f2, 42):build()
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 21)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 42)
+
+        evo.remove(e, f1)
+
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):set(f2, 42):build()
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 21)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 42)
+
+        evo.clear(e)
+
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f1))
+        assert(not evo.has(e, f2))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 21, [f2] = 42 })
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 21)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 42)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_remove(q1, f1)
+
+        local e12 = evo.builder():set(f1, 1):set(f2, 2):build()
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f1) and evo.get(e12, f1) == 1)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f2) and evo.get(e12, f2) == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(not evo.has(es[i], f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 42)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_set(q2, f1, 84)
+
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f1) and evo.get(e12, f1) == 84)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f2) and evo.get(e12, f2) == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 84)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 42)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_set(q2, f1, 21)
+
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f1) and evo.get(e12, f1) == 21)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f2) and evo.get(e12, f2) == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 21)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 42)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+    local f2 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+
+    local q1 = evo.builder():include(f1):build()
+    local q2 = evo.builder():include(f2):build()
+
+    do
+        local es1, ec1 = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+
+        for i = 1, ec1 do
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f2) and evo.get(es1[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        local es2, ec2 = evo.multi_spawn(20, { [f1] = 3, [f2] = 4 })
+
+        for i = 1, ec1 do
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f2) and evo.get(es1[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, ec2 do
+            assert(evo.has(es2[i], f1) and evo.get(es2[i], f1) == 3)
+            assert(evo.has(es2[i], f2) and evo.get(es2[i], f2) == 4)
+        end
+
+        local e2 = evo.builder():set(f2, 42):build()
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 42)
+
+        evo.batch_remove(q1, f1)
+
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 42)
+
+        for i = 1, ec1 do
+            assert(not evo.has(es1[i], f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f2) and evo.get(es1[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, ec2 do
+            assert(not evo.has(es2[i], f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es2[i], f2) and evo.get(es2[i], f2) == 4)
+        end
+
+        local e12 = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):set(f2, 42):build()
+
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f1) and evo.get(e12, f1) == 21)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f2) and evo.get(e12, f2) == 42)
+
+        evo.batch_set(q2, f1, 84)
+
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f1) and evo.get(e12, f1) == 84)
+        assert(evo.has(e12, f2) and evo.get(e12, f2) == 42)
+
+        for i = 1, ec1 do
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f1) and evo.get(es1[i], f1) == 84)
+            assert(evo.has(es1[i], f2) and evo.get(es1[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        for i = 1, ec2 do
+            assert(evo.has(es2[i], f1) and evo.get(es2[i], f1) == 84)
+            assert(evo.has(es2[i], f2) and evo.get(es2[i], f2) == 4)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():default(42):build()
+
+    local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 21 })
+    for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 21) end
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil) end
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.TAG)
+    for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42) end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(float_realloc):build()
+
+    local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 3):build()
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 3)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REALLOC, double_realloc)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 3)
+
+    evo.remove(f1, evo.REALLOC)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 3)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REALLOC, double_realloc)
+    assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 3)
+end
+
+do
+    local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(double_realloc):build()
+
+    local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(20, { [f1] = 42 })
+
+    for i = 1, ec / 2 do
+        evo.destroy(es[ec - i + 1])
+    end
+
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+
+    for i = 1, ec / 2 do
+        assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+
+    local f1 = evo.builder():name('f1'):realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+    local f2 = evo.builder():name('f2'):realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+
+    local q1 = evo.builder():include(f1):build()
+    local q2 = evo.builder():include(f2):build()
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(40, { [f2] = 2 })
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(not evo.has(es[i], f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+        evo.batch_destroy(q2)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(50, { [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_remove(q1, f1)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(not evo.has(es[i], f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(q1, q2)
+    end
+
+    do
+        evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1 })
+        evo.spawn({ [f2] = 2 })
+        evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+    end
+
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+end
+
+do
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+
+    local f1 = evo.builder():name('f1'):realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+    local f2 = evo.builder():name('f2'):realloc(double_realloc):compmove(double_compmove):build()
+
+    local q1 = evo.builder():include(f1):build()
+    local q2 = evo.builder():include(f2):build()
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(40, { [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+        evo.batch_destroy(q2)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(50, { [f1] = 1 })
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(not evo.has(es[i], f2))
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_set(q1, f2, 2)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 1)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 2)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(q1, q2)
+    end
+
+    do
+        evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1 })
+        evo.spawn({ [f2] = 2 })
+        evo.spawn({ [f1] = 1, [f2] = 2 })
+    end
+
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+end
+
+do
+    evo.collect_garbage()
+
+    local alloc_call_count = 0
+    local free_call_count = 0
+    local resize_call_count = 0
+
+    local function ctor_realloc()
+        ---@type evolved.realloc
+        return function(src, src_size, dst_size)
+            if dst_size == 0 then
+                assert(src and src_size > 0)
+                free_call_count = free_call_count + 1
+                return
+            else
+                if src then
+                    assert(src_size > 0)
+                    resize_call_count = resize_call_count + 1
+                else
+                    assert(src_size == 0)
+                    alloc_call_count = alloc_call_count + 1
+                end
+
+                local dst = {}
+
+                if src then
+                    for i = 1, math.min(src_size, dst_size) do
+                        dst[i] = src[i]
+                    end
+                end
+
+                return dst
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local realloc1 = ctor_realloc()
+        local realloc2 = ctor_realloc()
+
+        local f1 = evo.builder():default(44):realloc(realloc1):build()
+
+        alloc_call_count, free_call_count, resize_call_count = 0, 0, 0
+
+        do
+            local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 21):build()
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 21)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0)
+
+            local e2 = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):build()
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 21)
+            assert(evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == 42)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.destroy(e1)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.destroy(e2)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+        end
+
+        alloc_call_count, free_call_count, resize_call_count = 0, 0, 0
+
+        do
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(10, { [f1] = 84 })
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            for i = 1, ec / 2 do evo.destroy(es[i]) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 1)
+
+            evo.set(f1, evo.REALLOC, realloc2)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 2 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 1)
+
+            for i = 1, ec do evo.destroy(es[i]) end
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 2 and free_call_count == 2 and resize_call_count == 1)
+        end
+
+        alloc_call_count, free_call_count, resize_call_count = 0, 0, 0
+
+        do
+            local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 24):build()
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 24)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == nil)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(20, { [f1] = 48 })
+            for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.remove(f1, evo.TAG)
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 44)
+            for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 44) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 2 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.destroy(e1)
+            for i = 1, ec do evo.destroy(es[i]) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 2 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 2 and free_call_count == 2 and resize_call_count == 0)
+        end
+
+        alloc_call_count, free_call_count, resize_call_count = 0, 0, 0
+
+        do
+            local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 100):build()
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 100)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == nil)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(20, { [f1] = 48 })
+            for i = 1, ec do assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.destroy(e1)
+            for i = 1, ec do evo.destroy(es[i]) end
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.collect_garbage()
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+        end
+    end
+
+
+    do
+        local realloc = ctor_realloc()
+
+        local f1 = evo.builder():realloc(realloc):build()
+
+        alloc_call_count, free_call_count, resize_call_count = 0, 0, 0
+
+        do
+            local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1, 42):build()
+            assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == 42)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.destroy(e1)
+            assert(not evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == nil)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 0 and resize_call_count == 0)
+
+            evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+            assert(alloc_call_count == 1 and free_call_count == 1 and resize_call_count == 0)
+        end
+    end
+end

develop/testing/requires_fragment_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
     evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES)
@@ -243,3 +245,143 @@ do
         end
     end
 end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REQUIRES, { f4 })
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1):spawn()
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == true)
+
+        local e2 = evo.builder():set(f2):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == true)
+
+        local e3 = evo.builder():set(f3):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e1, f1)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == true)
+
+        local e2 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e2, f2)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == true)
+
+        local e3 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e3, f3)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+
+    evo.remove(f2, evo.REQUIRES)
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1):spawn()
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == nil)
+
+        local e2 = evo.builder():set(f2):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == nil)
+
+        local e3 = evo.builder():set(f3):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e1, f1)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == nil)
+
+        local e2 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e2, f2)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == nil)
+
+        local e3 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e3, f3)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f4 })
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.builder():set(f1):spawn()
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == true)
+
+        local e2 = evo.builder():set(f2):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == true)
+
+        local e3 = evo.builder():set(f3):spawn()
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e1 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e1, f1)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f1) and evo.get(e1, f1) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f2) and evo.get(e1, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e1, f3) and evo.get(e1, f3) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e1, f4) and evo.get(e1, f4) == true)
+
+        local e2 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e2, f2)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f1) and evo.get(e2, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f2) and evo.get(e2, f2) == true)
+        assert(not evo.has(e2, f3) and evo.get(e2, f3) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e2, f4) and evo.get(e2, f4) == true)
+
+        local e3 = evo.id()
+        evo.set(e3, f3)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f1) and evo.get(e3, f1) == nil)
+        assert(not evo.has(e3, f2) and evo.get(e3, f2) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f3) and evo.get(e3, f3) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e3, f4) and evo.get(e3, f4) == true)
+    end
+end

develop/testing/spawn_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
+do
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn()
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DEFAULT, 21)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 21)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3, f4 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DEFAULT, 21)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 3 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = true })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 21 * 3)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == true)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.TAG)
+
+    local f2_set_sum, f2_inserted_sum = 0, 0
+    local f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_inserted_sum = f2_inserted_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_set_count = f3_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(f2_set_sum == 42 and f2_inserted_sum == 42)
+        assert(f3_set_count == 1 and f3_inserted_count == 1)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(2)
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(2, {})
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello')
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == true)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(1, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 1 and ec == 1)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == true)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 'hello')
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world', [f3] = false })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == false)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+    evo.set(f1, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 'hello')
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v .. '!' end)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello!')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world!')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f2] = 'hello world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello world!')
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.TAG)
+
+    local f2_set_sum, f2_inserted_sum = 0, 0
+    local f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_inserted_sum = f2_inserted_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_set_count = f3_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(f2_set_sum == 42 * 3 and f2_inserted_sum == 42 * 3)
+            assert(f3_set_count == 3 and f3_inserted_count == 3)
+        end
+    end
+end

develop/testing/system_as_query_tests.lua

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 local evo = require 'evolved'
 
+evo.debug_mode(true)
+
 do
     local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
 

evolved.d.tl

@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+local record Evolved
+    interface Id end
+
+    type Entity = Id
+    type Fragment = Id
+    type Query = Id
+    type System = Id
+
+    interface EachState end
+    interface ExecuteState end
+
+    type EachIterator = function(state?: EachState): Fragment, any
+    type ExecuteIterator = function(state?: ExecuteState): Chunk, { Entity }, integer
+
+    interface Chunk
+        alive: function(self: Chunk): boolean
+        empty: function(self: Chunk): boolean
+
+        has: function(self: Chunk, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+        has_all: function(self: Chunk, ...: Fragment): boolean
+        has_any: function(self: Chunk, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+        entities: function(self: Chunk): { Entity }, integer
+        fragments: function(self: Chunk): { Fragment }, integer
+
+        components: function(self: Chunk)
+        components: function<C1>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment): { C1 }
+        components: function<C1, C2>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }
+        components: function<C1, C2, C3>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }, { C3 }
+        components: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }, { C3 }, { C4 }
+    end
+
+    interface Builder
+        build: function(self: Builder,
+            prefab?: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer)): Entity
+
+        multi_build: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab?: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer)): { Entity }, integer
+
+        multi_build_nr: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab?: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        multi_build_to: function(self: Builder,
+            out_entity_list: { Entity },
+            out_entity_first: integer,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab?: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        spawn: function(self: Builder,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer)): Entity
+
+        multi_spawn: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer)): { Entity }, integer
+
+        multi_spawn_nr: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        multi_spawn_to: function(self: Builder,
+            out_entity_list: { Entity },
+            out_entity_first: integer,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        clone: function(self: Builder,
+            prefab: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer)): Entity
+
+        multi_clone: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer)): { Entity }, integer
+
+        multi_clone_nr: function(self: Builder,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        multi_clone_to: function(self: Builder,
+            out_entity_list: { Entity },
+            out_entity_first: integer,
+            entity_count: integer,
+            prefab: Entity,
+            component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+        has: function(self: Builder, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+        has_all: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): boolean
+        has_any: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+        get: function(self: Builder)
+        get: function<C1>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment): C1 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2, C3>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil, C4 | nil
+
+        set: function<Component>(self: Builder, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component): Builder
+        remove: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        clear: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        tag: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        name: function(self: Builder, name: string): Builder
+
+        unique: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        explicit: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        internal: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        default: function<Component>(self: Builder, default: Component): Builder
+        duplicate: function<Component>(self: Builder, duplicate: function(Component): Component): Builder
+
+        realloc: function<Component>(self: Builder, realloc: function({ Component } | nil, integer, integer): { Component } | nil): Builder
+        compmove: function<Component>(self: Builder, compmove: function({ Component }, integer, integer, integer, { Component })): Builder
+
+        prefab: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        disabled: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        include: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        exclude: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        variant: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        require: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+
+        on_set: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_set: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_assign: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_assign: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_insert: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_insert: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_remove: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_remove: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component)): Builder
+
+        group: function(self: Builder, group: System): Builder
+
+        query: function(self: Builder, query: Query): Builder
+        execute: function(self: Builder, execute: function(Chunk, {Entity}, integer, ...: any)): Builder
+
+        prologue: function(self: Builder, prologue: function(...: any)): Builder
+        epilogue: function(self: Builder, epilogue: function(...: any)): Builder
+
+        destruction_policy: function(self: Builder, destruction_policy: Id): Builder
+    end
+
+    TAG: Fragment
+    NAME: Fragment
+
+    UNIQUE: Fragment
+    EXPLICIT: Fragment
+    INTERNAL: Fragment
+
+    DEFAULT: Fragment
+    DUPLICATE: Fragment
+
+    REALLOC: Fragment
+    COMPMOVE: Fragment
+
+    PREFAB: Fragment
+    DISABLED: Fragment
+
+    INCLUDES: Fragment
+    EXCLUDES: Fragment
+    VARIANTS: Fragment
+    REQUIRES: Fragment
+
+    ON_SET: Fragment
+    ON_ASSIGN: Fragment
+    ON_INSERT: Fragment
+    ON_REMOVE: Fragment
+
+    GROUP: Fragment
+
+    QUERY: Fragment
+    EXECUTE: Fragment
+    PROLOGUE: Fragment
+    EPILOGUE: Fragment
+
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY: Fragment
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY: Id
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT: Id
+
+    id: function(count?: integer): Id...
+    name: function(...: Id): string...
+
+    pack: function(primary: integer, secondary: integer): Id
+    unpack: function(id: Id): integer, integer
+
+    defer: function(): boolean
+    depth: function(): integer
+    commit: function(): boolean
+    cancel: function(): boolean
+
+    spawn: function(
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer)): Entity
+
+    multi_spawn: function(
+        entity_count: integer,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer)): { Entity }, integer
+
+    multi_spawn_nr: function(
+        entity_count: integer,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+    multi_spawn_to: function(
+        out_entity_list: { Entity },
+        out_entity_first: integer,
+        entity_count: integer,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+    clone: function(
+        prefab: Entity,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer)): Entity
+
+    multi_clone: function(
+        entity_count: integer,
+        prefab: Entity,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer)): { Entity }, integer
+
+    multi_clone_nr: function(
+        entity_count: integer,
+        prefab: Entity,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+    multi_clone_to: function(
+        out_entity_list: { Entity },
+        out_entity_first: integer,
+        entity_count: integer,
+        prefab: Entity,
+        component_table?: { Fragment: any },
+        component_mapper?: function(Chunk, integer, integer))
+
+    alive: function(entity: Entity): boolean
+    alive_all: function(...: Entity): boolean
+    alive_any: function(...: Entity): boolean
+
+    empty: function(entity: Entity): boolean
+    empty_all: function(...: Entity): boolean
+    empty_any: function(...: Entity): boolean
+
+    has: function(entity: Entity, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+    has_all: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment): boolean
+    has_any: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+    get: function(entity: Entity)
+    get: function<C1>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment): C1 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2, C3>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil, C4 | nil
+
+    set: function<Component>(entity: Entity, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component)
+    remove: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment)
+    clear: function(...: Entity)
+    destroy: function(...: Entity)
+
+    batch_set: function<Component>(query: Query, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component)
+    batch_remove: function(query: Query, ...: Fragment)
+    batch_clear: function(...: Query)
+    batch_destroy: function(...: Query)
+
+    each: function(entity: Entity): EachIterator, EachState | nil
+    execute: function(query: Query): ExecuteIterator, ExecuteState | nil
+
+    locate: function(entity: Entity): Chunk | nil, integer
+
+    lookup: function(name: string): Entity | nil
+    multi_lookup: function(name: string): { Entity }, integer
+    multi_lookup_to: function(out_entity_list: { Entity }, out_entity_first: integer, name: string): integer
+
+    process: function(...: System)
+    process_with: function(system: System, ...: any)
+
+    debug_mode: function(yesno: boolean)
+    error_handler: function(handler?: function(message: string): string)
+    collect_garbage: function(no_shrink?: boolean)
+
+    chunk: function(fragment: Fragment, ...: Fragment): Chunk, { Entity }, integer
+    builder: function(): Builder
+end
+
+return Evolved

example/conf.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+if os.getenv('LOCAL_LUA_DEBUGGER_VSCODE') == '1' then
+    local debugger = require 'lldebugger'
+    debugger.start()
+
+    local evolved = require 'evolved'
+    evolved.error_handler(function(err)
+        debugger.requestBreak()
+        return debug.traceback(err)
+    end)
+end
+
+---@type love.conf
+function love.conf(t)
+    t.window.title = 'Evolved Example'
+    t.window.width = 640
+    t.window.height = 480
+end

example/main.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+local evolved = require 'evolved'
+
+local STAGES = {
+    ON_SETUP = evolved.builder()
+        :name('STAGES.ON_SETUP')
+        :build(),
+    ON_UPDATE = evolved.builder()
+        :name('STAGES.ON_UPDATE')
+        :build(),
+    ON_RENDER = evolved.builder()
+        :name('STAGES.ON_RENDER')
+        :build(),
+}
+
+local FRAGMENTS = {
+    POSITION_X = evolved.builder()
+        :name('FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X')
+        :default(0)
+        :build(),
+    POSITION_Y = evolved.builder()
+        :name('FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y')
+        :default(0)
+        :build(),
+    VELOCITY_X = evolved.builder()
+        :name('FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_X')
+        :default(0)
+        :build(),
+    VELOCITY_Y = evolved.builder()
+        :name('FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_Y')
+        :default(0)
+        :build(),
+}
+
+local PREFABS = {
+    CIRCLE = evolved.builder()
+        :name('PREFABS.CIRCLE')
+        :prefab()
+        :set(FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X)
+        :set(FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+        :set(FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_X)
+        :set(FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_Y)
+        :build(),
+}
+
+---
+---
+---
+---
+---
+
+evolved.builder()
+    :name('SYSTEMS.STARTUP')
+    :group(STAGES.ON_SETUP)
+    :prologue(function()
+        evolved.multi_clone_nr(500, PREFABS.CIRCLE, nil, function(chunk, b_place, e_place)
+            local screen_width, screen_height = love.graphics.getDimensions()
+
+            ---@type number[], number[]
+            local position_xs, position_ys = chunk:components(
+                FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X, FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+
+            ---@type number[], number[]
+            local velocity_xs, velocity_ys = chunk:components(
+                FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_X, FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_Y)
+
+            for i = b_place, e_place do
+                local px = math.random() * screen_width
+                local py = math.random() * screen_height
+
+                local vx = math.random(-100, 100)
+                local vy = math.random(-100, 100)
+
+                position_xs[i], position_ys[i] = px, py
+                velocity_xs[i], velocity_ys[i] = vx, vy
+            end
+        end)
+    end):build()
+
+evolved.builder()
+    :name('SYSTEMS.MOVEMENT')
+    :group(STAGES.ON_UPDATE)
+    :include(FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X, FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+    :include(FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_X, FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_Y)
+    :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count, delta_time)
+        local screen_width, screen_height = love.graphics.getDimensions()
+
+        ---@type number[], number[]
+        local position_xs, position_ys = chunk:components(
+            FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X, FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+
+        ---@type number[], number[]
+        local velocity_xs, velocity_ys = chunk:components(
+            FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_X, FRAGMENTS.VELOCITY_Y)
+
+        for i = 1, entity_count do
+            local px, py = position_xs[i], position_ys[i]
+            local vx, vy = velocity_xs[i], velocity_ys[i]
+
+            px = px + vx * delta_time
+            py = py + vy * delta_time
+
+            if px < 0 and vx < 0 then
+                vx = -vx
+            elseif px > screen_width and vx > 0 then
+                vx = -vx
+            end
+
+            if py < 0 and vy < 0 then
+                vy = -vy
+            elseif py > screen_height and vy > 0 then
+                vy = -vy
+            end
+
+            position_xs[i], position_ys[i] = px, py
+            velocity_xs[i], velocity_ys[i] = vx, vy
+        end
+    end):build()
+
+evolved.builder()
+    :name('SYSTEMS.RENDERING')
+    :group(STAGES.ON_RENDER)
+    :include(FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X, FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+    :execute(function(chunk, _, entity_count)
+        ---@type number[], number[]
+        local position_xs, position_ys = chunk:components(
+            FRAGMENTS.POSITION_X, FRAGMENTS.POSITION_Y)
+
+        for i = 1, entity_count do
+            local x, y = position_xs[i], position_ys[i]
+            love.graphics.circle('fill', x, y, 5)
+        end
+    end):build()
+
+evolved.builder()
+    :name('SYSTEMS.DEBUGGING')
+    :group(STAGES.ON_RENDER)
+    :epilogue(function()
+        local fps = love.timer.getFPS()
+        local mem = collectgarbage('count')
+        love.graphics.print(string.format('FPS: %d', fps), 10, 10)
+        love.graphics.print(string.format('MEM: %d KB', mem), 10, 30)
+    end):build()
+
+---
+---
+---
+---
+---
+
+---@type love.load
+function love.load()
+    evolved.process(STAGES.ON_SETUP)
+end
+
+---@type love.update
+function love.update(dt)
+    evolved.process_with(STAGES.ON_UPDATE, dt)
+end
+
+---@type love.draw
+function love.draw()
+    evolved.process(STAGES.ON_RENDER)
+end
+
+---@type love.keypressed
+function love.keypressed(key)
+    if key == 'escape' then
+        love.event.quit()
+    end
+end

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.10.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.10.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.10.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.11.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.11.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.11.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.5.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.5.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.5.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.6.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.6.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.6.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.7.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.7.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.7.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.8.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.8.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.8.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}

rockspecs/evolved.lua-1.9.0-0.rockspec

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+rockspec_format = "3.0"
+package = "evolved.lua"
+version = "1.9.0-0"
+source = {
+   url = "git://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   tag = "v1.9.0",
+}
+description = {
+   homepage = "https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua",
+   summary = "Evolved ECS (Entity-Component-System) for Lua",
+   detailed = [[
+      `evolved.lua` is a fast and flexible ECS (Entity-Component-System) library for Lua.
+      It is designed to be simple and easy to use, while providing all the features needed to create complex systems with blazing performance.
+   ]],
+   license = "MIT",
+   labels = {
+      "ecs",
+      "entity",
+      "entities",
+      "component",
+      "components",
+      "entity-component",
+      "entity-component-system",
+   },
+}
+dependencies = {
+   "lua >= 5.1",
+}
+build = {
+   type = "builtin",
+   modules = {
+      evolved = "evolved.lua",
+   }
+}