update changelog

https://github.com/BlackMATov/evolved.lua/issues/28

.vscode/settings.json

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 {
-    "[json][jsonc][lua][markdown][yaml]": {
+    "[json][jsonc][lua][markdown][teal][yaml]": {
         "editor.formatOnSave": true,
         "files.insertFinalNewline": true,
         "files.trimFinalNewlines": true,

README.md

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@
     - [Fragment Hooks](#fragment-hooks)
     - [Unique Fragments](#unique-fragments)
     - [Explicit Fragments](#explicit-fragments)
+    - [Internal Fragments](#internal-fragments)
     - [Shared Components](#shared-components)
     - [Fragment Requirements](#fragment-requirements)
     - [Destruction Policies](#destruction-policies)
@@ -59,6 +60,7 @@
     - [Chunk](#chunk)
     - [Builder](#builder)
 - [Changelog](#changelog)
+  - [vX.X.X](#vxxx)
   - [v1.4.0](#v140)
   - [v1.3.0](#v130)
   - [v1.2.0](#v120)
@@ -964,6 +966,10 @@ local all_enemies_including_disabled = evolved.builder()
     :build()
 ```
 
+#### Internal Fragments
+
+All predefined fragments provided by the library are marked as internal with the [`evolved.INTERNAL`](#evolvedinternal) trait. Because [`evolved.INTERNAL`](#evolvedinternal) is itself marked as [`evolved.EXPLICIT`](#evolvedexplicit), these fragments are hidden from queries by default. This prevents accidental use of internal fragments in user code and helps distinguish them from user-defined fragments.
+
 #### Shared Components
 
 Often, we want to store components as tables, and by default, these tables will be shared between entities. This means that if you modify the table in one entity, it will be modified in all entities that share this table. Sometimes this is what we want. For example, when we want to share a configuration or some resource between entities. But in other cases, we want each entity to have its own copy of the table. For example, if we want to store the position of an entity as a table, we don't want to share this table with other entities. Yes, we can copy the table manually, but the library provides a little bit of syntactic sugar for this.
@@ -1300,6 +1306,11 @@ builder_mt:destruction_policy :: id -> builder
 
 ## Changelog
 
+### vX.X.X
+
+- The spawn and clone operations with defaults have been significantly optimized
+- Added basic [Teal](https://github.com/teal-language) type definitions, thanks to [@p0sel0k](https://github.com/p0sel0k)
+
 ### v1.4.0
 
 - Improved query execution performance by caching some internal calculations
@@ -1939,7 +1950,7 @@ function evolved.builder_mt:internal() end
 #### `evolved.builder_mt:default`
 
 ```lua
----@param default evolved.component
+---@param default evolved.default
 ---@return evolved.builder builder
 function evolved.builder_mt:default(default) end
 ```

develop/all.lua

@@ -2,11 +2,13 @@ require 'develop.samples.systems'
 
 require 'develop.testing.build_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.cancel_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.clone_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.locate_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.main_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.multi_spawn_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.name_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.requires_fragment_tests'
+require 'develop.testing.spawn_tests'
 require 'develop.testing.system_as_query_tests'
 
 require 'develop.benchmarks.clone_bmarks'

develop/benchmarks/clone_bmarks.lua

@@ -6,16 +6,35 @@ evo.debug_mode(false)
 local N = 1000
 
 local F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 = evo.id(5)
+local D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 = evo.id(5)
 
-local Q1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DEFAULT, true)
 
-local R1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
-local R3 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
-local R5 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+
+local QF1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+local QD1 = evo.builder():include(D1):spawn()
+
+local RF1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
+local RF123 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
+local RF12345 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+
+local RD1 = evo.builder():require(D1):spawn()
+local RD123 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3):spawn()
+local RD12345 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3, D4, D5):spawn()
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
@@ -25,10 +44,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entitie
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
@@ -38,10 +88,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entitie
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
@@ -51,53 +132,177 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entitie
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R1] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R3] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
 
+        evo.defer()
         for _ = 1, N do
             clone(prefab)
         end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local clone = evo.clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R5] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             clone(prefab)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Simple Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local clone = evo.clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            clone(prefab)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
@@ -105,10 +310,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities
 
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
@@ -116,10 +348,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities
 
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
@@ -127,40 +386,147 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities
 
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R1] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
 
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R3] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF1] = true }
 
+        evo.defer()
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
 
-        local prefab = evo.spawn { [R5] = true }
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD1] = true }
 
         multi_clone(N, prefab)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD123] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Defer Clone | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Clone Benchmarks: Multi Clone With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_clone = evo.multi_clone
+
+        local prefab = evo.spawn { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        multi_clone(N, prefab)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)

develop/benchmarks/spawn_bmarks.lua

@@ -6,16 +6,35 @@ evo.debug_mode(false)
 local N = 1000
 
 local F1, F2, F3, F4, F5 = evo.id(5)
+local D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 = evo.id(5)
 
-local Q1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DEFAULT, true)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DEFAULT, true)
 
-local R1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
-local R3 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
-local R5 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+evo.set(D1, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D4, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+evo.set(D5, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return not v end)
+
+local QF1 = evo.builder():include(F1):spawn()
+local QD1 = evo.builder():include(D1):spawn()
+
+local RF1 = evo.builder():require(F1):spawn()
+local RF123 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3):spawn()
+local RF12345 = evo.builder():require(F1, F2, F3, F4, F5):spawn()
+
+local RD1 = evo.builder():require(D1):spawn()
+local RD123 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3):spawn()
+local RD12345 = evo.builder():require(D1, D2, D3, D4, D5):spawn()
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -25,10 +44,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -38,10 +88,41 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
@@ -51,53 +132,177 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entitie
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R1] = true }
+        local components = { [RF1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R3] = true }
+        local components = { [RF1] = true }
 
+        evo.defer()
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local spawn = evo.spawn
 
-        local components = { [R5] = true }
+        local components = { [RD1] = true }
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             spawn(components)
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD123] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Simple Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local spawn = evo.spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            spawn(components)
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1)
 
@@ -105,10 +310,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3)
 
@@ -116,10 +348,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1):set(D2):set(D3)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3):set(F4):set(F5)
 
@@ -127,47 +386,155 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entiti
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(F1):set(F2):set(F3):set(F4):set(F5)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(D1):set(D2):set(D3):set(D4):set(D5)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R1)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF1)
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R3)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF1)
 
+        evo.defer()
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
-        local builder = evo.builder():set(R5)
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD1)
 
         for _ = 1, N do
             builder:spawn()
         end
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF123)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF123)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD123)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF12345)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RF12345)
+
+        evo.defer()
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Builder Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local builder = evo.builder():set(RD12345)
+
+        for _ = 1, N do
+            builder:spawn()
+        end
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
@@ -175,10 +542,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities
 
         multi_spawn(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 component', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
@@ -186,10 +580,37 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities
 
         multi_spawn(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
@@ -197,12 +618,39 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities
 
         multi_spawn(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [F1] = true, [F2] = true, [F3] = true, [F4] = true, [F5] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [D1] = true, [D2] = true, [D3] = true, [D4] = true, [D5] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)
 
 print '----------------------------------------'
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
@@ -210,27 +658,107 @@ basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities
 
         multi_spawn(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
-        local components = { [R3] = true }
+        local components = { [F1] = true }
 
+        evo.defer()
         multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
     end)
 
-basics.describe_bench(string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 1 required component', N),
     function()
         local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
 
-        local components = { [R5] = true }
+        local components = { [D1] = true }
 
         multi_spawn(N, components)
 
-        evo.batch_destroy(Q1)
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF123] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 3 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD123] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Defer Spawn | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RF12345] = true }
+
+        evo.defer()
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+        evo.commit()
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QF1)
+    end)
+
+basics.describe_bench(
+    string.format('Spawn Benchmarks: Multi Spawn With Defaults | %d entities with 5 required components', N),
+    function()
+        local multi_spawn = evo.multi_spawn
+
+        local components = { [RD12345] = true }
+
+        multi_spawn(N, components)
+
+        evo.batch_destroy(QD1)
     end)

develop/testing/clone_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+do
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+        evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+
+        local p = evo.spawn()
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 42)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 100)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f3] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 100)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 10)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 'hello')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == nil)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+        evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == nil)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 2 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p)
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, {})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 200 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == 'another')
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+    end
+
+    local f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+    local f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_set_count = f1_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_inserted_count = f1_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local e = evo.clone(p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == nil)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 10 * 2)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+
+        assert(f1_set_count == 1)
+        assert(f1_inserted_count == 1)
+        assert(f2_set_sum == 100 * 2 + 10 * 2)
+        assert(f3_inserted_count == 1)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(1, p)
+        assert(#es == 1 and ec == 1)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, {})
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(4, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 100)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(5, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f3] = 10 })
+        assert(#es == 5 and ec == 5)
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 100)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == 10)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+            for i = 1, ec do
+                assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 'world')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == 'hello')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == nil)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+        evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+        evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+        evo.set(f4, evo.TAG)
+
+        do
+            local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 21, [f3] = 'hello', [f4] = true }
+            local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f1] = 'world', [f2] = 10 })
+            assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+            for i = 1, ec do
+                assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 'world')
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+                assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == nil)
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.TAG)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 42)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 2 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f4, evo.UNIQUE)
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p)
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(3, p, {})
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(2, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(4, p, { [f4] = 'another' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2, f4))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 200 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f4) and evo.get(es[i], f4) == 'another')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(5, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+        assert(#es == 5 and ec == 5)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    local f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+    local f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_set_count = f1_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f1, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f1_inserted_count = f1_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f1_set_count, f1_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        f2_set_sum, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+        local p = evo.spawn { [f2] = 100, [f4] = 'unique' }
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_clone(1, p, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 10 })
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == nil)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 10 * 2)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+
+            assert(f1_set_count == 1)
+            assert(f1_inserted_count == 1)
+            assert(f2_set_sum == 100 * 2 + 10 * 2)
+            assert(f3_inserted_count == 1)
+        end
+    end
+end

develop/testing/spawn_tests.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,329 @@
+local evo = require 'evolved'
+
+do
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn()
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({})
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and evo.empty(e))
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == true)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DEFAULT, 21)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == 'hello')
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 21)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3, f4 = evo.id(4)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f1, f3, f4 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DEFAULT, 21)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v * 3 end)
+    evo.set(f3, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+    end
+
+    do
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 42, [f2] = true })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3, f4))
+        assert(evo.has(e, f1) and evo.get(e, f1) == 42)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f2) and evo.get(e, f2) == true)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f3) and evo.get(e, f3) == 21 * 3)
+        assert(evo.has(e, f4) and evo.get(e, f4) == true)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.TAG)
+
+    local f2_set_sum, f2_inserted_sum = 0, 0
+    local f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_inserted_sum = f2_inserted_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_set_count = f3_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+        local e = evo.spawn({ [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 42 })
+        assert(evo.alive(e) and not evo.empty(e) and evo.locate(e) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+        assert(f2_set_sum == 42 and f2_inserted_sum == 42)
+        assert(f3_set_count == 1 and f3_inserted_count == 1)
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(2)
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(2, {})
+        assert(#es == 2 and ec == 2)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and evo.empty(es[i]))
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'hello' })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello')
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == true)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(1, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 1 and ec == 1)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == true)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2, f3 })
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 'hello')
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == true)
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world', [f3] = false })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == 42)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world')
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f3) and evo.get(es[i], f3) == false)
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2 = evo.id(2)
+    evo.set(f1, evo.REQUIRES, { f2 })
+    evo.set(f1, evo.DUPLICATE, function() return nil end)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DEFAULT, 'hello')
+    evo.set(f2, evo.DUPLICATE, function(v) return v .. '!' end)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello!')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f1] = 42, [f2] = 'world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f1) and evo.get(es[i], f1) == true)
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'world!')
+        end
+    end
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(4, { [f2] = 'hello world' })
+        assert(#es == 4 and ec == 4)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f2))
+            assert(evo.has(es[i], f2) and evo.get(es[i], f2) == 'hello world!')
+        end
+    end
+end
+
+do
+    local f1, f2, f3 = evo.id(3)
+    evo.set(f2, evo.REQUIRES, { f3 })
+    evo.set(f3, evo.TAG)
+
+    local f2_set_sum, f2_inserted_sum = 0, 0
+    local f3_set_count, f3_inserted_count = 0, 0
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_set_sum = f2_set_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f2, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == 42)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f2)
+        f2_inserted_sum = f2_inserted_sum + c
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_SET, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_set_count = f3_set_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    evo.set(f3, evo.ON_INSERT, function(e, f, c)
+        assert(c == nil)
+        assert(evo.get(e, f) == c)
+        assert(f == f3)
+        f3_inserted_count = f3_inserted_count + 1
+    end)
+
+    do
+        local es, ec = evo.multi_spawn(3, { [f1] = 'hello', [f2] = 42 })
+        assert(#es == 3 and ec == 3)
+
+        for i = 1, ec do
+            assert(evo.alive(es[i]) and not evo.empty(es[i]) and evo.locate(es[i]) == evo.chunk(f1, f2, f3))
+            assert(f2_set_sum == 42 * 3 and f2_inserted_sum == 42 * 3)
+            assert(f3_set_count == 3 and f3_inserted_count == 3)
+        end
+    end
+end

evolved.d.tl

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+local record Evolved
+    interface Id end
+
+    type Entity = Id
+    type Fragment = Id
+    type Query = Id
+    type System = Id
+
+    interface EachState end
+    interface ExecuteState end
+
+    type EachIterator = function(state?: EachState): Fragment, any
+    type ExecuteIterator = function(state?: ExecuteState): Chunk, { Entity }, integer
+
+    interface Chunk
+        alive: function(self: Chunk): boolean
+        empty: function(self: Chunk): boolean
+
+        has: function(self: Chunk, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+        has_all: function(self: Chunk, ...: Fragment): boolean
+        has_any: function(self: Chunk, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+        entities: function(self: Chunk): { Entity }, integer
+        fragments: function(self: Chunk): { Fragment }, integer
+
+        components: function(self: Chunk)
+        components: function<C1>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment): { C1 }
+        components: function<C1, C2>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }
+        components: function<C1, C2, C3>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }, { C3 }
+        components: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(self: Chunk, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): { C1 }, { C2 }, { C3 }, { C4 }
+    end
+
+    interface Builder
+        build: function(self: Builder, prefab?: Entity): Entity
+        multi_build: function(self: Builder, entity_count: integer, prefab?: Entity): { Entity }, integer
+
+        spawn: function(self: Builder): Entity
+        multi_spawn: function(self: Builder, entity_count: integer): { Entity }, integer
+
+        clone: function(self: Builder, prefab: Entity): Entity
+        multi_clone: function(self: Builder, entity_count: integer, prefab: Entity): { Entity }, integer
+
+        has: function(self: Builder, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+        has_all: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): boolean
+        has_any: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+        get: function(self: Builder)
+        get: function<C1>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment): C1 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2, C3>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil
+        get: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(self: Builder, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil, C4 | nil
+
+        set: function<Component>(self: Builder, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component): Builder
+        remove: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        clear: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        tag: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        name: function(self: Builder, name: string): Builder
+
+        unique: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        explicit: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        internal: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        default: function<Component>(self: Builder, default: Component): Builder
+        duplicate: function<Component>(self: Builder, duplicate: function(Component): Component): Builder
+
+        prefab: function(self: Builder): Builder
+        disabled: function(self: Builder): Builder
+
+        include: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        exclude: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+        require: function(self: Builder, ...: Fragment): Builder
+
+        on_set: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_set: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_assign: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_assign: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_insert: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_insert: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component)): Builder
+        on_remove: function<Component>(self: Builder, on_remove: function(Entity, Fragment, ? Component)): Builder
+
+        group: function(self: Builder, group: System): Builder
+
+        query: function(self: Builder, query: Query): Builder
+        execute: function(self: Builder, execute: function(Chunk, {Entity}, integer)): Builder
+
+        prologue: function(self: Builder, prologue: function()): Builder
+        epilogue: function(self: Builder, epilogue: function()): Builder
+
+        destruction_policy: function(self: Builder, destruction_policy: Id): Builder
+    end
+
+    TAG: Fragment
+    NAME: Fragment
+
+    UNIQUE: Fragment
+    EXPLICIT: Fragment
+    INTERNAL: Fragment
+
+    DEFAULT: Fragment
+    DUPLICATE: Fragment
+
+    PREFAB: Fragment
+    DISABLED: Fragment
+
+    INCLUDES: Fragment
+    EXCLUDES: Fragment
+    REQUIRES: Fragment
+
+    ON_SET: Fragment
+    ON_ASSIGN: Fragment
+    ON_INSERT: Fragment
+    ON_REMOVE: Fragment
+
+    GROUP: Fragment
+
+    QUERY: Fragment
+    EXECUTE: Fragment
+    PROLOGUE: Fragment
+    EPILOGUE: Fragment
+
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY: Fragment
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY_DESTROY_ENTITY: Id
+    DESTRUCTION_POLICY_REMOVE_FRAGMENT: Id
+
+    id: function(count?: integer): Id...
+    name: function(...: Id): string...
+
+    pack: function(primary: integer, secondary: integer): Id
+    unpack: function(id: Id): integer, integer
+
+    defer: function(): boolean
+    commit: function(): boolean
+    cancel: function(): boolean
+
+    spawn: function(components?: { Fragment: any }): Entity
+    multi_spawn: function(entity_count: integer, components?: { Fragment: any }): { Entity }, integer
+
+    clone: function(prefab: Entity, components?: { Fragment: any }): Entity
+    multi_clone: function(entity_count: integer, prefab: Entity, components?: { Fragment: any }): { Entity }, integer
+
+    alive: function(entity: Entity): boolean
+    alive_all: function(...: Entity): boolean
+    alive_any: function(...: Entity): boolean
+
+    empty: function(entity: Entity): boolean
+    empty_all: function(...: Entity): boolean
+    empty_any: function(...: Entity): boolean
+
+    has: function(entity: Entity, fragment: Fragment): boolean
+    has_all: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment): boolean
+    has_any: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment): boolean
+
+    get: function(entity: Entity)
+    get: function<C1>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment): C1 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2, C3>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil
+    get: function<C1, C2, C3, C4>(entity: Entity, f1: Fragment, f2: Fragment, f3: Fragment, f4: Fragment): C1 | nil, C2 | nil, C3 | nil, C4 | nil
+
+    set: function<Component>(entity: Entity, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component)
+    remove: function(entity: Entity, ...: Fragment)
+    clear: function(...: Entity)
+    destroy: function(...: Entity)
+
+    batch_set: function<Component>(query: Query, fragment: Fragment, component?: Component)
+    batch_remove: function(query: Query, ...: Fragment)
+    batch_clear: function(...: Query)
+    batch_destroy: function(...: Query)
+
+    each: function(entity: Entity): EachIterator, EachState | nil
+    execute: function(query: Query): ExecuteIterator, ExecuteState | nil
+
+    locate: function(entity: Entity): Chunk | nil, integer
+
+    process: function(...: System)
+
+    debug_mode: function(yesno: boolean)
+    collect_garbage: function()
+
+    chunk: function(fragment: Fragment, ...: Fragment): Chunk, { Entity }, integer
+    builder: function(): Builder
+end
+
+return Evolved

evolved.lua

@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ local evolved = {
 ---  entity: evolved.entity,
 ---  fragment: evolved.fragment,
 ---  new_component: evolved.component,
----  old_component?: evolved.component)
+---  old_component: evolved.component)
 
 ---@alias evolved.assign_hook fun(
 ---  entity: evolved.entity,
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ local evolved = {
 ---@alias evolved.remove_hook fun(
 ---  entity: evolved.entity,
 ---  fragment: evolved.fragment,
----  component: evolved.component)
+---  old_component: evolved.component)
 
 ---@class (exact) evolved.each_state
 ---@field package [1] integer structural_changes
@@ -162,6 +162,8 @@ local __group_subsystems = {} ---@type table<evolved.system, evolved.assoc_list<
 ---@field package __component_indices table<evolved.fragment, integer>
 ---@field package __component_storages evolved.storage[]
 ---@field package __component_fragments evolved.fragment[]
+---@field package __component_defaults evolved.default[]
+---@field package __component_duplicates evolved.duplicate[]
 ---@field package __with_fragment_edges table<evolved.fragment, evolved.chunk>
 ---@field package __without_fragment_edges table<evolved.fragment, evolved.chunk>
 ---@field package __without_unique_fragments? evolved.chunk
@@ -997,6 +999,8 @@ function __new_chunk(chunk_parent, chunk_fragment)
         __component_indices = {},
         __component_storages = {},
         __component_fragments = {},
+        __component_defaults = {},
+        __component_duplicates = {},
         __with_fragment_edges = {},
         __without_fragment_edges = {},
         __without_unique_fragments = nil,
@@ -1158,26 +1162,38 @@ function __update_chunk_storages(chunk)
     local component_indices = chunk.__component_indices
     local component_storages = chunk.__component_storages
     local component_fragments = chunk.__component_fragments
+    local component_defaults = chunk.__component_defaults
+    local component_duplicates = chunk.__component_duplicates
 
     for fragment_index = 1, fragment_count do
         local fragment = fragment_list[fragment_index]
         local component_index = component_indices[fragment]
 
+        ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
+        local fragment_default, fragment_duplicate =
+            __evolved_get(fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
+
         local is_fragment_tag = __evolved_has(fragment, __TAG)
 
         if component_index and is_fragment_tag then
             if component_index ~= component_count then
                 local last_component_storage = component_storages[component_count]
                 local last_component_fragment = component_fragments[component_count]
+                local last_component_default = component_defaults[component_count]
+                local last_component_duplicate = component_duplicates[component_count]
 
                 component_indices[last_component_fragment] = component_index
                 component_storages[component_index] = last_component_storage
                 component_fragments[component_index] = last_component_fragment
+                component_defaults[component_index] = last_component_default
+                component_duplicates[component_index] = last_component_duplicate
             end
 
             component_indices[fragment] = nil
             component_storages[component_count] = nil
             component_fragments[component_count] = nil
+            component_defaults[component_count] = nil
+            component_duplicates[component_count] = nil
 
             component_count = component_count - 1
             chunk.__component_count = component_count
@@ -1191,10 +1207,8 @@ function __update_chunk_storages(chunk)
             component_indices[fragment] = component_storage_index
             component_storages[component_storage_index] = component_storage
             component_fragments[component_storage_index] = fragment
-
-            ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
-            local fragment_default, fragment_duplicate =
-                __evolved_get(fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
+            component_defaults[component_storage_index] = fragment_default
+            component_duplicates[component_storage_index] = fragment_duplicate
 
             if fragment_duplicate then
                 for place = 1, entity_count do
@@ -1210,6 +1224,9 @@ function __update_chunk_storages(chunk)
                     component_storage[place] = new_component
                 end
             end
+        elseif component_index then
+            component_defaults[component_index] = fragment_default
+            component_duplicates[component_index] = fragment_duplicate
         end
     end
 end
@@ -2009,9 +2026,6 @@ function __spawn_entity(chunk, entity, components)
     local req_fragment_list
     local req_fragment_count = 0
 
-    local ini_chunk = chunk
-    local ini_fragment_set = ini_chunk.__fragment_set
-
     if chunk.__has_required_fragments then
         ---@type table<evolved.fragment, integer>
         req_fragment_set = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_set)
@@ -2019,7 +2033,7 @@ function __spawn_entity(chunk, entity, components)
         ---@type evolved.fragment[]
         req_fragment_list = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_list)
 
-        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(ini_chunk,
+        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(chunk,
             req_fragment_set, req_fragment_list, req_fragment_count)
 
         for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
@@ -2031,8 +2045,12 @@ function __spawn_entity(chunk, entity, components)
     local chunk_entity_list = chunk.__entity_list
     local chunk_entity_count = chunk.__entity_count
 
+    local chunk_component_count = chunk.__component_count
     local chunk_component_indices = chunk.__component_indices
     local chunk_component_storages = chunk.__component_storages
+    local chunk_component_fragments = chunk.__component_fragments
+    local chunk_component_defaults = chunk.__component_defaults
+    local chunk_component_duplicates = chunk.__component_duplicates
 
     local place = chunk_entity_count + 1
 
@@ -2047,88 +2065,31 @@ function __spawn_entity(chunk, entity, components)
         __entity_places[entity_primary] = place
     end
 
-    if chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+    for component_index = 1, chunk_component_count do
+        local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local component_fragment = chunk_component_fragments[component_index]
+        local component_duplicate = chunk_component_duplicates[component_index]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local ini_component = components[component_fragment]
 
-                ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                local fragment_duplicate =
-                    __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                local new_component = component
-
-                if new_component ~= nil and fragment_duplicate then
-                    new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component)
-                end
-
-                if new_component == nil then
-                    new_component = true
-                end
-
-                component_storage[place] = new_component
-            end
+        if ini_component == nil then
+            ini_component = chunk_component_defaults[component_index]
         end
 
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
+        if ini_component ~= nil and component_duplicate then
+            local new_component = component_duplicate(ini_component)
 
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
-                    local req_fragment_default, req_fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(req_fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                    local req_component = req_fragment_default
-
-                    if req_component ~= nil and req_fragment_duplicate then
-                        req_component = req_fragment_duplicate(req_component)
-                    end
-
-                    if req_component == nil then
-                        req_component = true
-                    end
-
-                    req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                end
+            if new_component == nil then
+                new_component = true
             end
-        end
-    else
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                local new_component = component
-                if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                component_storage[place] = new_component
+            component_storage[place] = new_component
+        else
+            if ini_component == nil then
+                ini_component = true
             end
-        end
 
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    local req_component = true
-                    req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                end
-            end
+            component_storage[place] = ini_component
         end
     end
 
@@ -2143,27 +2104,29 @@ function __spawn_entity(chunk, entity, components)
             local fragment_on_set, fragment_on_insert =
                 __evolved_get(fragment, __ON_SET, __ON_INSERT)
 
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+            if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
+                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+                if component_index then
+                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
 
-                local new_component = component_storage[place]
+                    local new_component = component_storage[place]
 
-                if fragment_on_set then
-                    fragment_on_set(entity, fragment, new_component)
-                end
+                    if fragment_on_set then
+                        fragment_on_set(entity, fragment, new_component)
+                    end
 
-                if fragment_on_insert then
-                    fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment, new_component)
-                end
-            else
-                if fragment_on_set then
-                    fragment_on_set(entity, fragment)
-                end
+                    if fragment_on_insert then
+                        fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment, new_component)
+                    end
+                else
+                    if fragment_on_set then
+                        fragment_on_set(entity, fragment)
+                    end
 
-                if fragment_on_insert then
-                    fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
+                    if fragment_on_insert then
+                        fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
+                    end
                 end
             end
         end
@@ -2199,9 +2162,6 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
     local req_fragment_list
     local req_fragment_count = 0
 
-    local ini_chunk = chunk
-    local ini_fragment_set = ini_chunk.__fragment_set
-
     if chunk.__has_required_fragments then
         ---@type table<evolved.fragment, integer>
         req_fragment_set = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_set)
@@ -2209,7 +2169,7 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
         ---@type evolved.fragment[]
         req_fragment_list = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_list)
 
-        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(ini_chunk,
+        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(chunk,
             req_fragment_set, req_fragment_list, req_fragment_count)
 
         for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
@@ -2221,8 +2181,12 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
     local chunk_entity_list = chunk.__entity_list
     local chunk_entity_count = chunk.__entity_count
 
+    local chunk_component_count = chunk.__component_count
     local chunk_component_indices = chunk.__component_indices
     local chunk_component_storages = chunk.__component_storages
+    local chunk_component_fragments = chunk.__component_fragments
+    local chunk_component_defaults = chunk.__component_defaults
+    local chunk_component_duplicates = chunk.__component_duplicates
 
     local b_place = chunk_entity_count + 1
     local e_place = chunk_entity_count + entity_count
@@ -2244,97 +2208,34 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
         end
     end
 
-    if chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+    for component_index = 1, chunk_component_count do
+        local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local component_fragment = chunk_component_fragments[component_index]
+        local component_duplicate = chunk_component_duplicates[component_index]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local ini_component = components[component_fragment]
 
-                ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                local fragment_duplicate =
-                    __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                if fragment_duplicate then
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        local new_component = component
-                        if new_component ~= nil then new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component) end
-                        if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                        component_storage[place] = new_component
-                    end
-                else
-                    local new_component = component
-                    if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        component_storage[place] = new_component
-                    end
-                end
-            end
+        if ini_component == nil then
+            ini_component = chunk_component_defaults[component_index]
         end
 
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
+        if ini_component ~= nil and component_duplicate then
+            for place = b_place, e_place do
+                local new_component = component_duplicate(ini_component)
 
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
-                    local req_fragment_default, req_fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(req_fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                    if req_fragment_duplicate then
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            local req_component = req_fragment_default
-                            if req_component ~= nil then req_component = req_fragment_duplicate(req_component) end
-                            if req_component == nil then req_component = true end
-                            req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                        end
-                    else
-                        local req_component = req_fragment_default
-                        if req_component == nil then req_component = true end
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                        end
-                    end
+                if new_component == nil then
+                    new_component = true
                 end
+
+                component_storage[place] = new_component
             end
-        end
-    else
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                local new_component = component
-                if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                for place = b_place, e_place do
-                    component_storage[place] = new_component
-                end
+        else
+            if ini_component == nil then
+                ini_component = true
             end
-        end
 
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    local req_component = true
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                    end
-                end
+            for place = b_place, e_place do
+                component_storage[place] = ini_component
             end
         end
     end
@@ -2350,12 +2251,12 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
             local fragment_on_set, fragment_on_insert =
                 __evolved_get(fragment, __ON_SET, __ON_INSERT)
 
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+            if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
+                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+                if component_index then
+                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
 
-                if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
                     for place = b_place, e_place do
                         local entity = chunk_entity_list[place]
 
@@ -2370,10 +2271,6 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
                         end
                     end
                 else
-                    -- nothing
-                end
-            else
-                if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
                     for place = b_place, e_place do
                         local entity = chunk_entity_list[place]
 
@@ -2385,8 +2282,6 @@ function __multi_spawn_entity(chunk, entity_list, entity_count, components)
                             fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
                         end
                     end
-                else
-                    -- nothing
                 end
             end
         end
@@ -2415,8 +2310,12 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
         prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments = __chunk_without_unique_fragments(prefab_chunk)
     end
 
+    if not prefab_chunk or not prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments then
+        return __spawn_entity(nil, entity, components)
+    end
+
     local chunk = __chunk_with_components(
-        prefab_chunk and prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments,
+        prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments,
         components)
 
     if not chunk then
@@ -2427,9 +2326,6 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
     local req_fragment_list
     local req_fragment_count = 0
 
-    local ini_chunk = chunk
-    local ini_fragment_set = ini_chunk.__fragment_set
-
     if chunk.__has_required_fragments then
         ---@type table<evolved.fragment, integer>
         req_fragment_set = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_set)
@@ -2437,7 +2333,7 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
         ---@type evolved.fragment[]
         req_fragment_list = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_list)
 
-        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(ini_chunk,
+        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(chunk,
             req_fragment_set, req_fragment_list, req_fragment_count)
 
         for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
@@ -2449,8 +2345,15 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
     local chunk_entity_list = chunk.__entity_list
     local chunk_entity_count = chunk.__entity_count
 
+    local chunk_component_count = chunk.__component_count
     local chunk_component_indices = chunk.__component_indices
     local chunk_component_storages = chunk.__component_storages
+    local chunk_component_fragments = chunk.__component_fragments
+    local chunk_component_defaults = chunk.__component_defaults
+    local chunk_component_duplicates = chunk.__component_duplicates
+
+    local prefab_component_indices = prefab_chunk.__component_indices
+    local prefab_component_storages = prefab_chunk.__component_storages
 
     local place = chunk_entity_count + 1
 
@@ -2465,144 +2368,41 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
         __entity_places[entity_primary] = place
     end
 
-    if prefab_chunk then
-        local prefab_component_count = prefab_chunk.__component_count
-        local prefab_component_storages = prefab_chunk.__component_storages
-        local prefab_component_fragments = prefab_chunk.__component_fragments
+    for component_index = 1, chunk_component_count do
+        local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local component_fragment = chunk_component_fragments[component_index]
+        local component_duplicate = chunk_component_duplicates[component_index]
 
-        if prefab_chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-            for prefab_component_index = 1, prefab_component_count do
-                local fragment = prefab_component_fragments[prefab_component_index]
-                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-                if component_index then
-                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                    local fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
+        local ini_component = components[component_fragment]
 
+        if ini_component == nil then
+            if chunk == prefab_chunk then
+                ini_component = component_storage[prefab_place]
+            else
+                local prefab_component_index = prefab_component_indices[component_fragment]
+                if prefab_component_index then
                     local prefab_component_storage = prefab_component_storages[prefab_component_index]
-                    local prefab_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
-
-                    local new_component = prefab_component
-
-                    if new_component ~= nil and fragment_duplicate then
-                        new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component)
-                    end
-
-                    if new_component == nil then
-                        new_component = true
-                    end
-
-                    component_storage[place] = new_component
+                    ini_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
+                else
+                    ini_component = chunk_component_defaults[component_index]
                 end
             end
+        end
+
+        if ini_component ~= nil and component_duplicate then
+            local new_component = component_duplicate(ini_component)
+
+            if new_component == nil then
+                new_component = true
+            end
+
+            component_storage[place] = new_component
         else
-            for prefab_component_index = 1, prefab_component_count do
-                local fragment = prefab_component_fragments[prefab_component_index]
-                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-                if component_index then
-                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                    local prefab_component_storage = prefab_component_storages[prefab_component_index]
-                    local prefab_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
-
-                    local new_component = prefab_component
-
-                    if new_component == nil then
-                        new_component = true
-                    end
-
-                    component_storage[place] = new_component
-                end
+            if ini_component == nil then
+                ini_component = true
             end
-        end
-    end
 
-    if chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                local fragment_duplicate =
-                    __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                local new_component = component
-
-                if new_component ~= nil and fragment_duplicate then
-                    new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component)
-                end
-
-                if new_component == nil then
-                    new_component = true
-                end
-
-                component_storage[place] = new_component
-            end
-        end
-
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
-                    local req_fragment_default, req_fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(req_fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                    local req_component = req_fragment_default
-
-                    if req_component ~= nil and req_fragment_duplicate then
-                        req_component = req_fragment_duplicate(req_component)
-                    end
-
-                    if req_component == nil then
-                        req_component = true
-                    end
-
-                    req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                end
-            end
-        end
-    else
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                local new_component = component
-                if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                component_storage[place] = new_component
-            end
-        end
-
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    local req_component = true
-                    req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                end
-            end
+            component_storage[place] = ini_component
         end
     end
 
@@ -2617,27 +2417,29 @@ function __clone_entity(prefab, entity, components)
             local fragment_on_set, fragment_on_insert =
                 __evolved_get(fragment, __ON_SET, __ON_INSERT)
 
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+            if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
+                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+                if component_index then
+                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
 
-                local new_component = component_storage[place]
+                    local new_component = component_storage[place]
 
-                if fragment_on_set then
-                    fragment_on_set(entity, fragment, new_component)
-                end
+                    if fragment_on_set then
+                        fragment_on_set(entity, fragment, new_component)
+                    end
 
-                if fragment_on_insert then
-                    fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment, new_component)
-                end
-            else
-                if fragment_on_set then
-                    fragment_on_set(entity, fragment)
-                end
+                    if fragment_on_insert then
+                        fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment, new_component)
+                    end
+                else
+                    if fragment_on_set then
+                        fragment_on_set(entity, fragment)
+                    end
 
-                if fragment_on_insert then
-                    fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
+                    if fragment_on_insert then
+                        fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
+                    end
                 end
             end
         end
@@ -2667,8 +2469,12 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
         prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments = __chunk_without_unique_fragments(prefab_chunk)
     end
 
+    if not prefab_chunk or not prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments then
+        return __multi_spawn_entity(nil, entity_list, entity_count, components)
+    end
+
     local chunk = __chunk_with_components(
-        prefab_chunk and prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments,
+        prefab_chunk.__without_unique_fragments,
         components)
 
     if not chunk then
@@ -2679,9 +2485,6 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
     local req_fragment_list
     local req_fragment_count = 0
 
-    local ini_chunk = chunk
-    local ini_fragment_set = ini_chunk.__fragment_set
-
     if chunk.__has_required_fragments then
         ---@type table<evolved.fragment, integer>
         req_fragment_set = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_set)
@@ -2689,7 +2492,7 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
         ---@type evolved.fragment[]
         req_fragment_list = __acquire_table(__table_pool_tag.fragment_list)
 
-        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(ini_chunk,
+        req_fragment_count = __chunk_required_fragments(chunk,
             req_fragment_set, req_fragment_list, req_fragment_count)
 
         for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
@@ -2701,8 +2504,15 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
     local chunk_entity_list = chunk.__entity_list
     local chunk_entity_count = chunk.__entity_count
 
+    local chunk_component_count = chunk.__component_count
     local chunk_component_indices = chunk.__component_indices
     local chunk_component_storages = chunk.__component_storages
+    local chunk_component_fragments = chunk.__component_fragments
+    local chunk_component_defaults = chunk.__component_defaults
+    local chunk_component_duplicates = chunk.__component_duplicates
+
+    local prefab_component_indices = prefab_chunk.__component_indices
+    local prefab_component_storages = prefab_chunk.__component_storages
 
     local b_place = chunk_entity_count + 1
     local e_place = chunk_entity_count + entity_count
@@ -2724,154 +2534,44 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
         end
     end
 
-    if prefab_chunk then
-        local prefab_component_count = prefab_chunk.__component_count
-        local prefab_component_storages = prefab_chunk.__component_storages
-        local prefab_component_fragments = prefab_chunk.__component_fragments
+    for component_index = 1, chunk_component_count do
+        local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+        local component_fragment = chunk_component_fragments[component_index]
+        local component_duplicate = chunk_component_duplicates[component_index]
 
-        if prefab_chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-            for prefab_component_index = 1, prefab_component_count do
-                local fragment = prefab_component_fragments[prefab_component_index]
-                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-                if component_index then
-                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                    local fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
+        local ini_component = components[component_fragment]
 
+        if ini_component == nil then
+            if chunk == prefab_chunk then
+                ini_component = component_storage[prefab_place]
+            else
+                local prefab_component_index = prefab_component_indices[component_fragment]
+                if prefab_component_index then
                     local prefab_component_storage = prefab_component_storages[prefab_component_index]
-                    local prefab_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
-
-                    if fragment_duplicate then
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            local new_component = prefab_component
-                            if new_component ~= nil then new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component) end
-                            if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                            component_storage[place] = new_component
-                        end
-                    else
-                        local new_component = prefab_component
-                        if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            component_storage[place] = new_component
-                        end
-                    end
+                    ini_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
+                else
+                    ini_component = chunk_component_defaults[component_index]
                 end
             end
+        end
+
+        if ini_component ~= nil and component_duplicate then
+            for place = b_place, e_place do
+                local new_component = component_duplicate(ini_component)
+
+                if new_component == nil then
+                    new_component = true
+                end
+
+                component_storage[place] = new_component
+            end
         else
-            for prefab_component_index = 1, prefab_component_count do
-                local fragment = prefab_component_fragments[prefab_component_index]
-                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-                if component_index then
-                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                    local prefab_component_storage = prefab_component_storages[prefab_component_index]
-                    local prefab_component = prefab_component_storage[prefab_place]
-
-                    local new_component = prefab_component
-                    if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        component_storage[place] = new_component
-                    end
-                end
+            if ini_component == nil then
+                ini_component = true
             end
-        end
-    end
 
-    if chunk.__has_setup_hooks then
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                ---@type evolved.duplicate?
-                local fragment_duplicate =
-                    __evolved_get(fragment, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                if fragment_duplicate then
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        local new_component = component
-                        if new_component ~= nil then new_component = fragment_duplicate(new_component) end
-                        if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                        component_storage[place] = new_component
-                    end
-                else
-                    local new_component = component
-                    if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        component_storage[place] = new_component
-                    end
-                end
-            end
-        end
-
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    ---@type evolved.default?, evolved.duplicate?
-                    local req_fragment_default, req_fragment_duplicate =
-                        __evolved_get(req_fragment, __DEFAULT, __DUPLICATE)
-
-                    if req_fragment_duplicate then
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            local req_component = req_fragment_default
-                            if req_component ~= nil then req_component = req_fragment_duplicate(req_component) end
-                            if req_component == nil then req_component = true end
-                            req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                        end
-                    else
-                        local req_component = req_fragment_default
-                        if req_component == nil then req_component = true end
-                        for place = b_place, e_place do
-                            req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                        end
-                    end
-                end
-            end
-        end
-    else
-        for fragment, component in __lua_next, components do
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
-
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
-
-                local new_component = component
-                if new_component == nil then new_component = true end
-                for place = b_place, e_place do
-                    component_storage[place] = new_component
-                end
-            end
-        end
-
-        for req_fragment_index = 1, req_fragment_count do
-            local req_fragment = req_fragment_list[req_fragment_index]
-
-            if ini_fragment_set[req_fragment] then
-                -- this fragment has already been initialized
-            else
-                local req_component_index = chunk_component_indices[req_fragment]
-
-                if req_component_index then
-                    local req_component_storage = chunk_component_storages[req_component_index]
-
-                    local req_component = true
-                    for place = b_place, e_place do
-                        req_component_storage[place] = req_component
-                    end
-                end
+            for place = b_place, e_place do
+                component_storage[place] = ini_component
             end
         end
     end
@@ -2887,12 +2587,12 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
             local fragment_on_set, fragment_on_insert =
                 __evolved_get(fragment, __ON_SET, __ON_INSERT)
 
-            local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
+            if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
+                local component_index = chunk_component_indices[fragment]
 
-            if component_index then
-                local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
+                if component_index then
+                    local component_storage = chunk_component_storages[component_index]
 
-                if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
                     for place = b_place, e_place do
                         local entity = chunk_entity_list[place]
 
@@ -2907,10 +2607,6 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
                         end
                     end
                 else
-                    -- nothing
-                end
-            else
-                if fragment_on_set or fragment_on_insert then
                     for place = b_place, e_place do
                         local entity = chunk_entity_list[place]
 
@@ -2922,8 +2618,6 @@ function __multi_clone_entity(prefab, entity_list, entity_count, components)
                             fragment_on_insert(entity, fragment)
                         end
                     end
-                else
-                    -- nothing
                 end
             end
         end
@@ -5464,7 +5158,6 @@ function __evolved_execute(query)
 
     local query_excludes = __sorted_excludes[query]
     local query_exclude_set = query_excludes and query_excludes.__item_set
-    local query_exclude_list = query_excludes and query_excludes.__item_list
     local query_exclude_count = query_excludes and query_excludes.__item_count or 0
 
     if query_include_count > 0 then
@@ -5483,7 +5176,7 @@ function __evolved_execute(query)
         for _, root_chunk in __lua_next, __root_chunks do
             local is_root_chunk_matched =
                 not root_chunk.__has_explicit_fragments and
-                not __chunk_has_any_fragment_list(root_chunk, query_exclude_list, query_exclude_count)
+                not query_exclude_set[root_chunk.__fragment]
 
             if is_root_chunk_matched then
                 chunk_stack_size = chunk_stack_size + 1
@@ -6184,7 +5877,7 @@ function __builder_mt:internal()
     return self:set(__INTERNAL)
 end
 
----@param default evolved.component
+---@param default evolved.default
 ---@return evolved.builder builder
 function __builder_mt:default(default)
     return self:set(__DEFAULT, default)