PY-36889 Type check assignments to class/instance attributes outside of class bodies

Previously, PyTypingTypeProvider.getReferenceType returned a type from a class attribute
type hint only for assignment to instance attribute located inside a class definition.

In other words, here we inferred the expected type from the annotation
and reported incompatible types in assignment:

```python
class C:
    attr: int

    def m(self):
        self.attr = "foo"
```
but in the following we didn't:

```python
class C:
    attr: int

inst = C()
inst.attr = "foo"
```

Now we try to resolve any qualified target expression to a class
or instance attribute and then infer the type from the corresponding
annotation.


(cherry picked from commit 086dbb678a8cd89cfe332bf801631568fb6c3a4d)

IJ-MR-147382

GitOrigin-RevId: 4e3f71baa598d4caf684d0aeab23d1a9a688b94d

python/testSrc/com/jetbrains/python/inspections/Py3TypeCheckerInspectionTest.java

@@ -358,6 +358,46 @@ public class Py3TypeCheckerInspectionTest extends PyInspectionTestCase {
     doTest();
   }
 
+  // PY-36889
+  public void testInstanceAndClassAttributeAssignment() {
+    doTestByText("""
+                   from typing import ClassVar
+                   
+                   class ClassAnnotations:
+                       attr: int
+                       class_attr: ClassVar[int]
+                   
+                   ClassAnnotations().attr = <warning descr="Expected type 'int', got 'str' instead">"foo"</warning>
+                   ClassAnnotations.class_attr = <warning descr="Expected type 'int', got 'str' instead">"foo"</warning>
+                   
+                   class ClassAnnotationInstanceAssignment:
+                       attr: int
+                       def __init__(self, x):
+                           self.attr = x
+                   
+                   ClassAnnotationInstanceAssignment(42).attr = <warning descr="Expected type 'int', got 'str' instead">"foo"</warning>
+                   
+                   class InstanceAnnotationAndAssignment:
+                       def __init__(self):
+                           self.attr: int = 42
+                   
+                   InstanceAnnotationAndAssignment().attr = <warning descr="Expected type 'int', got 'str' instead">"foo"</warning>
+                   """);
+  }
+
+  // PY-36889
+  public void testDataclassInstanceAssignment() {
+    doTestByText("""
+                   from dataclasses import dataclass
+                   
+                   @dataclass
+                   class C:
+                       attr: int
+                   
+                   C().attr = <warning descr="Expected type 'int', got 'str' instead">"foo"</warning>
+                   """);
+  }
+
   // PY-24832
   public void testNoTypeMismatchInAssignmentWithoutTypeAnnotation() {
     doTest();